Reading response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 7

Reading response - Essay Example en taken for granted could soon ceased to exist and most certainly have whatever extent rights that they do enjoy removed as a result of human exploitation, overuse, or general disregard. Within Christopher Stone’s article entitled, â€Å"Should Trees Have Standing? Toward Legal Rights for Natural Objects†, the author presents the case for why natural objects should be given a degree of legal protection. Secondly, the understanding is presented to the reader that although such a series of steps may seem as a departure from logic and/or reason, the fact that matter is that a degree of legal rights for an animate objects has existed for decades within the developed world. As the author explains, this is a result of the fact that corporations and even certain types of municipalities Garner a degree of legal protection, it seems as foolish and rather uninformed that the natural objects which truly stand to disappear from the world entirely an impact upon the lives and quality of life of untold billions, should not have any form of legal protection. With regards to the actual response of this reader to the information presented, it must be stated that althou gh I was initially doubtful of the way in which such legal protection should be granted and provided to an animate/natural objects, the argument that the author lays out present its a convincing case for why such legal protection should be granted and

Acculturation and Ethnicity in Consumer Behavior

Acculturation and Ethnicity in Consumer Behavior The concepts Acculturation and ethnicity are often used by the researcher to describe consumption experiences of ethnic minority consumers. This paper presents a review of the relationship between cultural process, specifically what has been termed Acculturation, and how it helps to understand consumer behavior of ethnic minority consumers. Consumer Acculturation is a socialization process in which an immigrant, or marginalizes consumer learns the behavior, attitude and values of a culture that are different from those of their culture of origin (Lee 1998). Ethnic groups are ..any group which is defined or set off by race, religion, or national origin, or some combination of these categories, (Gordon, 1964, p.27). Historically Acculturation has been primarily shown as a one-way process where the microculture adopts the dominant cultures norms without corresponding influences. This paper looks for explain the impact of acculturation on consumer purchase decisions of ethnic minority gr oup and how it helps to understand consumer behavior of ethnic minority group. INTRODUCTION: Minority ethnic audience in all over the world represents a significant cultural and consumer force. Increasing ethnic and cultural diversity- like other forms of social change represents both a threat and an opportunity to marketers. New consumer segment can provide fresh sources of top-line growth with focused new product development to the marketer. And for that producer has to be aware of the cultural change among the ethnic minority consumer. Acculturation provides a qualitative overview of how cultural differences of the larger minority ethnic communities affect their consumer behavior. Acculturation and Ethnicity in Consumer Behavior: Acculturation and Assimilation: Redfield, Linton and Herskovits (1936,p.149) ) define acculturation as those phenomena which result when group of individuals having different cultures come into continuous first-hand contact, with subsequent change in the organizational culture patterns of either or both groups. Under this definition, acculturation is to be distinguished from culture-change, of which it is but one aspect, and assimilation, which is at times a phase of acculturation. Acculturation is a process of adopting the believes and behavior of one culture group by another cultural group. The direction of adaptation can be a minority group adopting habits and language patterns of the dominant group, and can be other way- that is, the dominant group also adopt patterns typical of the minority group. The changes may take place in dominant culture, the subculture or both groups, according to Berry (1977); in practice Acculturation tends to produce more substantial change in one of the groups. Assimilation of one c ulture group into another may be evidence by changes in language preference, adoption of common attitude and values, membership in common social groups, and loss of the separate political or ethnic identity. Many researchers have used the term acculturation and assimilation interchangeably, or in some case, the meaning has overlapped (Gordon 1964). To ass to the confusion, different disciplines use the terms to mean different concepts (Berry and Annis 1974; Padilla 1980). For example, sociologists like Gordon (1964), typically use the term assimilation to describe encounters between ethnic groups and the cultural negotiation process to find common ground. In contrast anthropologists prefer the term acculturation to describe the same cultural negotiation process (Gordon 1964). A review of the consumer acculturation literature reveals a similar inconsistency. Therefore, it is important to relay the predominant difference between assimilation and acculturation in terms of their usage in the consumer acculturation context and the next outcome of the cultural negotiations. While assimilation occurs when an immigrant fully adopts mainstream values and gives up their cultural heritage, accultur ation can occur when some elements of the mainstream culture and added without abandoning the native culture ( Berry 1980; Padilla 1980; Wallendorf and Reilly 1983; Jun, Ball et al 1993; Rossman 1994). Consumer Acculturation: Consumer Acculturation is a subset of acculturation and socialization. While acculturation is more general, consumer acculturation is specific to the consumption process. Consumer acculturation can be seen as a socialization process in which an immigrant consumer learns the behaviors, attitude and values of a culture that are different from their culture of origin (Lee 1988). Webster (1994) views ethnic identity as a subset of acculturation and assimilation as a mode of acculturation. In the Websters study, ethnic identification is operationalised by determining which language is used in the home. Webster believes the combination of the ethnic identification and self-identification captures assimilation dimensions. Laroche, Kim and Tomiuk (1998) state that the primary different between the two constructs is that ethnic identity measures focus on maintenance/retention of the culture of origin and acculturation measures focus on acquisition of the host culture. Ethnicity and Ethnic Identity: Although closely related, ethnicity and ethnic identity are two separate constructs. Ethnicity is an objective description and refers to a group with common national or religious background. In contrast, ethnic identity is more subjective ( Cohen 1978; Hirschman 1981; Minor 1992) and is a self-designation which relays a persons commitment and strength of association to a particular group (Zaff, Blount, Philips and Cohen 2002; Chung and Fischer 1999). The concept of acculturation refers to a process or change. Ethnic identity , on the other hand, refers to a status, which may or may not be statics. Thus the strength of ethnic identity may influence the level of acculturation as suggested by Penazola and Gilly (1999) and others. The contrasts of the ethnic identity and acculturation are neither parallel nor opposite of each other; rather they influence and shape each other. Measurement of Acculturation Constructs: Measures of acculturation typically attempt to determine the extent which a person has adopted to a new culture (Magana et al 1996) and the resulting behavioral changes that occurs a result of the contact (Ward and Arzu 1999). There has been a great deal of variation in the measurement of acculturation and ethnicity in both the social science and the consumer behavior literature. Some factors, either individually or in combinations, that have been considered in the measurement are language, reference groups, intermarriage, identity, culture (Laroche, Kim and Tomiuk 1998; Lee and Um 1992), and religion (Hirschman 1981). Communication based measures =, such as media usage, have also been used (O Guinn and Faber 1985; Kim, Laroche et al. 1990).

Evolutionary Ethics and Biologically Supportable Morality :: Philosophy Essays

Evolutionary Ethics and Biologically Supportable Morality ABSTRACT: Consider the paradox of altruism: the existence of truly altruistic behaviors is difficult to reconcile with evolutionary theory if natural selection operates only on individuals, since in that case individuals should be unwilling to sacrifice their own fitness for the sake of others. Evolutionists have frequently turned to the hypothesis of group selection to explain the existence of altruism; but group selection cannot explain the evolution of morality, since morality is a one-group phenomenon and group selection is a many-group phenomenon. After spelling out just what the problem is, this paper discusses several ways of solving it. Introduction The term ‘evolutionary ethics’ denotes an approach to naturalistic moral philosophy which seeks to explain how moral traits and behavior evolved. Sophisticated versions of evolutionary ethics do not argue that the moral judgments of each and every individual can be predicted given only the tenets of evolutionary theory. Rather the aim is usually to show that human beings possess moral traits because such traits confer a selective advantage. The motivation for this kind of view lies in a broader naturalism: if moral philosophy is to be founded on a naturalistic understanding of human beings and their place in the world, and if evolutionary theory gives us the best (kind of) account of the natural history of human beings, then moral philosophy will need to be brought in line with (some version of) evolutionary theory. Shaping moral theory so that it is possible to explain the selective advantage of moral traits and behavior is thus the vocation of evolutionary ethics. One of the intriguing problems confronting evolutionary ethics is to solve the apparent paradox of altruism. According to evolutionary theory, natural selection entails that in general only the fittest individuals in any given biological population will survive and reproduce. An organism’s evolutionary telos, or goal, seems to be to promote its own fitness in order to survive long enough to reproduce. In situations where an organism confronts a choice between enhancing its own fitness and enhancing the fitness of others, it would seem to follow that the organism will (or "ought to," or should be expected to) choose to enhance its own fitness. (1) The paradox arises because empirical facts seem to contradict this prediction of evolutionary theory. In a wide range of cases, and among organisms of differing levels of sentience and sapience, individual organisms frequently behave in ways that promote the fitness of some group (especially but not always a kin group) at the expense of their own individual fitness.

The need for free public Wi-Fi.

The need for free public Wi-If. BY Leeway Sample Persuasive Speech Self-Defense on Campus Speech Commentary Rebecca Hanson You're tired; you're hungry. You've Just spent a long day at College Library and you can't wait to get back to your room. Glancing outside, you remember how quickly it becomes dark. You don't think much of it, though, as you bundle up and head out into the gusty wind. Not until you spy the shadows on the sidewalk or hear the leaves rustling beside you do you wish you weren't alone.You walk quickly, trying to stop your imagination from thinking of murderers and rapists. Only when you are safely inside your room do you relax and try to stop your heart from pounding out of your chest. Can you remember a time when you felt this way? I would be surprised if you never have. The FBI reported last year that there were three murders, approximately 430 gag aggravated assaults, 1,400 burglaries, and 80 rapes here in Madison alone. And while these statistics are quite alarmi ng, they don't even compare to the numbers of larger metropolitan areas.No matter where we live, crime affects us all-?men and women, students and instructors, young and old. We need to stop being the victims. One way we can do this is by enrolling in a self-defense course. There are many times I can remember when my heart seemed to pound out of my chest, but because I took an introductory course in self-defense, I feel more confident and more prepared to deal with potentially dangerous situations. Today I would like to encourage all of you to enroll in a self-defense course.Let's start by looking at the dangers of crime we face as college students. College students face many crime issues, both as members of society and as students on campus. These crimes endanger our money, our property, our self- inference, our psychological well-being, and even our lives. According to the Foundation for Crime Prevention Education, violence and crime have dramatically increased. An American is six times more likely to be assaulted with a weapon today than in 1960.The FBI reports that someone is either murdered, raped, assaulted, or robbed every 16 seconds. This means today, at the end of our 50-minute class period, approximately 187 people will have been victims of a violent crime. College students, many of whom are away from home for the first time, are especially easy targets for crime. Students often look at campus housing as a secure place. But according to the book Street Wisdom for Women, precautions must be taken in a dorm or Greek house, Just as in any house or apartment.How many of these bad habits do you have? How often do you leave your room without locking your door, for getting how easily accessible your room is to anyone? How often do you fall asleep without locking your door? Or how often do you open your door without first checking to see who is there? As the Wake Forest University Police Crime Prevention website states, â€Å"Each of us must become aware of the precautions necessary to reduce the childhood that we will become victims of crime. † Those who forget to take these precautions invite trouble.Although students must watch themselves in campus housing, they must also take care elsewhere. Prevalent use of drugs and alcohol, especially on college campuses, increases the chance of crime. Using drugs or alcohol makes you an easier target because, as we all know, it affects your Judgment, influencing your decisions on safety. According to the Pacific Center for Violence Prevention, in 42 percent of all violent crimes, either the assailant, the victim, or both had been drinking. Specifically n campus, 90 percent of all violent crimes involve drugs and/or alcohol.This problem is so serious that testimony by law enforcement officials reprinted on the Security On Campus website indicates that many college campuses are the highest crime areas in their communities. So now that we see the dangers we face as students, what can we do to protect ourselves? Although there are many ways of dealing with crime, I recommend that you and every college student enroll in a self-defense course. You can choose from a variety of self-defense courses offered right here in Madison.You can find one to fit our schedule and your pocketbook. On campus, the university has a club sport called Shoring Rye Karate, which emphasizes practical self-defense. They hold their meetings in the evening, after classes, right on campus, and they're open to all university students, faculty, and staff. Another option is Pillar's Self-Defense and ATA Chi Center, which not only offers courses in self-defense, but in ATA chi, karate, and gung if. Pillar's location on State Street is convenient for all university students.To find a class that fits your needs, you can also search over the Internet or through the Yellow Pages. I also brought along some brochures today, so if you are interested, please see me after class. After enrolling in a self-defen se course, you will find yourself much better prepared to deal with an emergency situation. Patrick Lee, an instructor for a course called â€Å"Self-Defense for Women: Victim or Survivor,† claims the biggest thing he teaches in his courses is that you must decide from the beginning whether you want to be the victim or the survivor.Repeating over and over again that â€Å"l am a survivor† not only increases your self-confidence but helps you think more clearly in a difficult tuition. I didn't realize the importance of this myself until I took an introductory course in self-defense in my high-school physical education class. After a few days of practice, each of us faced the notorious padded attacker. Expecting to enjoy fighting the attacker, I prepared to yell, â€Å"No; stop; back off,† as forcefully as possible. But before I knew it, this man, twice my size, had put me in a hold I could not get out of.My mind was so overcome with fear that I could barely muste r out a â€Å"No. † Immediately, I pictured this as a real situation, one which I probably would not have survived. But after a few more days of practice, we were able to go against the padded attacker one more time. This time, I no longer felt fear. I felt anger. I was angry that this man felt he could take advantage of me. This time, using what I learned, I yelled, â€Å"No; back off,† and successfully escaped his move. And this time I survived. I'm not the only example showing the benefits of taking self-defense.If you're interested, check out â€Å"Stories from Self- Defense Classes† posted to the Internet by the Assault Prevention Information Network. Although I don't have the time to share with you the dozens of success stories. I can sum them up with a quote by Cindy, a 23-year-old woman who used her self-defense knowledge to scare off an assailant. Cindy says, â€Å"l know deep inside, where it matters most, that I have what it takes to defend myself if need be, and this feeling is one of pure Joy. † As you can see; self-defense is time and money well invested.So I encourage you to enroll in a self-defense course, whether it be through a physical education class or through a private organization and whether you do it here or back in your hometown. Even if you do not enroll right away, I encourage you to do so in the near future. Taking such a course could mean keeping your money, protecting your property, defending yourself, your boyfriend or girlfriend, husband or wife. It could even mean the difference between life and death. Don't ever think, â€Å"It could never happen to me. † Why not be prepared?As Patrick Lee said, â€Å"Ask yourself, do you want to be the victim or the survivor? † The speaker begins with an extended hypothetical example. Vivid and richly textured, it gains attention and relates the topic directly to the audience. It also contains a strong element of emotional appeal-?especially for fema le students who have expert once the feelings described by the speaker When you begin a speech with a hypothetical example, it's a good idea to follow up with statistics showing that the example is not far-fetched.The statistics in this paragraph are especially effective because they come from the city in which the speech was given. After reinforcing the fact that crime is a concern for all members of her audience, the speaker focuses on the specific issue of enrolling in a self-defense course. She estate lilies her credibility by citing the benefits she gained from taking such a course. Although she stresses her personal experience here, it becomes clear as the speech goes on that she has also done a great deal of research on the topic.This speech is organized according to Monomer's motivated sequence. In this paragraph, the speaker begins her discussion of the need for students to enroll in a self-defense course. Notice how she identifies the sources of her statistics and translat es the figures into terms that relate directly to her classmates. Moving from the general crime statistics in the previous paragraph, the speaker focuses on crime issues facing college students.

Criticism of the Church in the Canterbury Tales Essay

The Canterbury Tales, a collection of tales by Geoffrey Chaucer, was written in Middle English at the end of the 14th century (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2011). It is considered to be the best work of literature in English in the Middle Ages (Johnston, 1998). Chaucer uses literary devices as no one had ever done. In addition, he chose to use English instead of Latin. This masterpiece is structured in a similar way as Bocaccio’s Decameron. The tales are organized within a frame narrative (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2011) explained in the General Prologue by the narrator: a group of pilgrims that are going to visit St.  Thomas Becket in Canterbury’s Cathedral. These pilgrims are from different estates of the medieval society: nobility, the church and peasantry (The Norton Anthology, 1993: 76). Through the characters, Chaucer reveals some aspects of the society he lived in. In other words, instead of creating typical role models, the characters are exaggerated individuals very different from the prototypical idea. The author uses hyperbolic characters and irony to create humour and criticism. For example, the knight is not the typical medieval soldier the reader would expect. He avoids conflict being a very romantic person. In a similar way, the characters that are part of the Church are also very peculiar. At the time when Chaucer wrote this poem, the Catholic Church was very powerful and rich. The clergy enjoyed great fortunes and a high quality of life compared with the peasantry who was starving and dying. In this essay, I’m going to deal with the criticism towards the Catholic Church analysing the ironic portrays of the Prioress, the Monk, the Friar and the Pardoner. Chaucer begins writing about the hypocrisy of the church in the General Prologue when the Prioress is introduced. The Prioress is a nun with very good manners (e. g. she wipes her lips before drinking, lines 133-134) that behaves as if she were a lady of the court (e. g. she speaks French but with a very bad accent, lines 124-125). The Prioress is also very romantic as we can see in her brooch and her motto: â€Å"Amor vincit omnia† -â€Å"Love conquest all†- (Dr. Melillo, 1996). She is also very kind and sensitive. For instance, she cries when a mouse falls in a trap and feeds her dogs meat so they do not starve. This image of nice person contrasts with the reality of the time. If her words and actions are analyzed, the audience can understand that this was not the typical behavior of a nun. She is more worried about her pets than the commoners who actually did starve and rarely ate meat. The narrator is portraying her as a very naive person in a very nice tone that hides the irony. Nevertheless, the audience was aware that she is not fulfilling the aim of the Church: take care of people (The Norton Anthology, 1993:76). The Monk is the following pilgrim described in the General Prologue. According to his description he is very interested in hunting and in horses (line 166). A monk should not be riding and hunting but obeying, praying, copying and studying. In addition, the Monk is fully aware that his order does not allow these practices and he admits that he does not follow the rules of his order (Jokinen, 2010) (lines 174-175). When the portrait of the Monk finishes in the General Prologue, the man described is bald, fat and well-dressed. Any person in that time that heard this description would immediately think about a lord not a monk. Although the narrator likes the life style of the Monk and his description is not very acid, we can see how Chaucer is criticizing some monk’s lives. Monks are supposed to be obedient and to embrace vow of poverty not to reject rules and live the life they want. After analyzing two characters against who the narrator does not show great rejection, I am going to analyze the Friar and the Pardoner who the narrator describes in a very ironic and bitter tone. A friar is a roaming priest that begs for living whose goal is to help beggars and lepers selflessly. On the contrary, this friar really detests this kind of action because he does not get any benefice from it (lines 242-247). He likes to enjoy life and pleasures. He shows that he is not like a normal friar implying that he is above (lines 210-211) like an aristocrat (Knapp, 1999). In this sense, he acts like the Prioress does, pretending not to be who he really is, a beggar. The reader also knows that he accepts bribes and gives easy penance for extra donations so he can live better. He justifies his conduct explaining that giving money is a sign of repentance. Nevertheless, the Friar, as the Monk, is supposed to have done the vow of poverty. Contradicting any preconceived ideas the reader may have about friars, he has a good quality life thanks to keeping the money he should give his order nd receiving extra incomes. In the description of the character, the audience understood how Chaucer is condemning the abuses of the Church by creating a person who does not follow any of the prototypical characteristics of a good Christian friar. Finally, I am going to explain in detail the character of the Pardoner. The Pardoner resembles the Friar in the fact that both get money from people (with a religious reason behind) for a living and keep it for themselves. However, there are some differences: the Pardoner is not part of an order whereas the Friar is; and he does not believe in what he does either while the Friar justifies it. The Pardoner is considered the most hypocrite character of all because he embodies all the sins he preaches against. He sells papal indulgences in exchange of donation that he keeps for himself showing avarice (lines 389-391). In addition, he admits that he does not feel guilty and that the relics he sells are a fraud. Furthermore, he tells the other pilgrims his tricks implying that he lies and manipulates people to get money. Ironically, after he has admitted that he is a liar, the Pardoner gives a kind of sermon against gluttony, drunkenness, gambling and swearing. Moreover, his tale can be considered an exemplum (Patterson, 1976) that warns against avarice and drunkenness. He gives an instance of the kind of person he is when he tries to sell one of his relics to the Host even when he has already told them they are forged and useless. Apart from being described as, what we would call now, a con artist and a sinful person, there are allusions to his condition of homosexual and eunuch (Jokinen, 1998). All these characteristics make him appear in the margins of society. As I said before, this character is the one that better represents the hypocrisy that Chaucer shows in this work. As I said, he represents all the sins he preaches against: he drinks (his finishes his drink before stating the tale); he lies (about his relics, line 394), and he is greedy (he keeps the money, line 409). Through this character, the author shows a very sinful and corrupt church away from their goal. To conclude, Chaucer shows a very hypocrite and selfish members of the Church in The Canterbury Tales. In the 14th century, the Catholic Church was very influential and religion was present in everyday life. The purpose of the Church was supposed to be the caring of the people. Nonetheless, the characters in this poem do not worry about anything else that themselves and their actions are directed always to their own benefit. Through their words and actions described ironically by the narrator, the characters reflect their sins and their corruption and by extension, the sins and corruption of the Church. It can be concluded that in The Canterbury Tales, Chaucer makes a social criticism showing the dishonesty of the Church. However, it should be pointed out that the characters are an exaggerated version of the original people because the main aim of this work is to be enjoyable for the audience.

Party Politics in Africa essays

Party Politics in Africa essays Political parties are a group of people with a defined programme organised to capture political power or stay in it through elections to control personnel and policies of government. This form of government was introduced to africa in general and ghana in particular by the colonial imperialists and its a form of western ideology which was not known to the ghanaian society until the advent of colonialism and its aftermath. Although political parties play important roles and affairs of the modern political affairs of ghana like recruiting of political leadership, aggregation of interests, goal formation, socialization and political education, articulation of ideas and intergrate of norms in the society to mention but a few but then they posed serious problems to our society because they are alien and a legacy bequeated to ghanaian politics by colonialism. This was because colonialism was itself an arbitrary and therefore the idea of oneness towards state building itself will be arbitrary since ghana was composed of several ethnic groups and cultures. Colonialism didnt bridge the gaps between the ethnic groups to enhance our use of political party system to govern the people like the western imperialists. For example the united states has long provided a bridge to bring together its people and thats the reason for their survival with this party political system. These political party system pose problems to Ghana because there is the lack of tradition in the practise of party politics Since it was never part of our traditional political system we lack the political culture, norms, tradition, experience for the working of an effective party system. Party in power is usually intolerant to oppostion groups and will not even listen to any form of constructive criticism. The opposition is seen as nothing short of an enemy. The opposit ion group on the other hand resort to conspirational practices to ...

Profile of the Prehistoric Archelon

Profile of the Prehistoric Archelon Name: Archelon (Greek for ruling turtle); pronounced ARE-kell-on Habitat: Oceans of North America Historical Period: Late Cretaceous (75-65 million years ago) Size and Weight: About 12 feet long and two tons Diet: Squids and jellyfish Distinguishing Characteristics: Leathery shell; wide, paddlelike legs About Archelon Dinosaurs werent the only animals that grew to immense sizes during the late Cretaceous period. At a whopping 12 feet long and two tons, Archelon was the one of the largest prehistoric turtles that ever lived (it used to be on top of the charts, until the discovery of the truly stupendous Stupendemys of South America), about the size (and shape, and weight) of a classic Volkswagen Beetle. By comparison with this North American behemoth, the largest Galapagos tortoises alive today weigh a little over a quarter of a ton and measure about four feet long! (The closest living relative of Archelon, the Leatherback, comes much closer in size, some adults of this seagoing turtle weighing close to 1,000 pounds.) Archelon differed significantly from modern turtles in two ways. First, its shell wasnt hard, but leathery in texture, and supported by an elaborate skeletal framework underneath; and second, this turtle possessed unusually wide, flipper-like arms and legs, with which it propelled itself through the shallow Western Interior Sea that covered much of North America about 75 million years ago.  Like modern turtles, Archelon had a human-like life span as well as a nasty bite, which would have come in handy when tussling with the giant squids that constituted the bulk of its diet. One specimen on display in Vienna is thought to have lived for over 100 years, and probably would have survived much longer if it hadnt asphyxiated on the sea floor. Why did Archelon grow to such an enormous size? Well, at the time this prehistoric turtle lived, the Western Interior Sea was well-stocked with the vicious marine reptiles known as mosasaurs (a good example being the contemporary Tylosaurus), some of which measured over 20 feet long and weighed four or five tons. Clearly, a speedy, two-ton marine turtle would have been a less appetizing prospect to hungry predators than smaller, more pliable fish and squids, though its not inconceivable that Archelon occasionally found itself on the wrong side of the food chain (if not by a hungry mosasaur, then perhaps by a plus-sized prehistoric shark like Cretoxyrhina).

Duke TIP SAT Score Requirements

Duke TIP SAT Score Requirements SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Perhaps you’ve read our article about Duke’s Talent Identification Program (TIP), maybe you’ve heard about it from other students, or maybe you did your own research. You've heard vague hints of "score requirements," but don't know exactly what that means- do you have to take the SAT in order to take part in TIP? How well do you have to do on the SAT in order to become a TIPster? (I refuse to believe that students who participate in TIP do not go by this name.) There are SAT (or ACT) score requirements for the Duke TIP: specifically, there are score requirements for Summer Studies programs and eStudies courses. I'm going to cover this complicated topic in exhaustive detail, explaining what the programs are, what the SAT score requirements are, and giving you some tips on how to meet these requirements. feature image credit: Duke Campus by Danny Fowler, used under CC BY-SA 2.0/Resized from original. The Lay of the Land: Types of TIP Programs and Eligibility Of all the programs with SAT/ACT score requirements, the eStudies program has the lowest score requirements, followed by the Academy for Summer Studies, which falls in the middle, and the Center for Summer Studies, which is the most stringent when it comes to score requirements. These are not the same as the test requirements for the 7th Grade Talent Search, which you can find more about here. How do you figure out if you are eligible for Summer Studies programs or eStudies courses? TIP determines your eligibility based on your SAT or ACT scores. If you participate(d) in the 7th Grade Talent Search, you will take (or took) the SAT or ACT as part of that program (read more about this in my upcoming guide). It is the score from this testing that will qualify you for Summer Studies and/or eStudies courses. Don't worry- you can always retest if your scores aren’t high enough to get you into the program(s) you want. If you’ve already taken the SAT or ACT as a 7th grader, you can still enroll in the 7th Grade Talent Search- you just have to do it using the paper application and include an official SAT/ACT score report. If you didn’t participate in the 7th Grade Talent Search, you can still participate in Summer Studies and eStudies courses using 8th-10th Grade Option, but I'll cover that in another article. For now, I’ll ONLY be talking about the SAT score requirements for 7th and 8th -10th graders who did participate (or will be participating) in the 7th Grade Talent Search and are interested in attending Duke TIP Summer Studies and/or eStudies courses. A Word of Warning Currently, Duke TIP does not require participants to take the essay portion of the SAT (that is, the essay). It’s always possible that Duke TIP may update its SAT score requirements to include the essay, but we’ll be sure to update this article to reflect current knowledge. Disappointed with your scores? Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now: Raise Your SAT Score by 160 Points(Free Download) Duke TIP Scores: The Particulars So Duke has their SAT requirements for Summer Studies courses in a table here and for eStudies courses over here. To be honest, I found the tables kind of confusing, especially when it came to figuring out Center for Summer Studies eligibility. To make it easier for any one in the future trying to figure out the score requirements, I’ve separated out the requirements for what you need to get into the Academy for Summer Studies, the Center for Summer Studies, and eStudies courses and ordered them from lowest to highest score requirements. Hopefully, since all the scores will be in one blog post, rather than spread out over a website, it will be less tricky to read and understand. As you will see below, there’s a difference in the requirements you have to meet if you take the SAT during 7th grade, as part of the 7th Grade Talent Search, or if you take it again later on (between 8th and 10th grades). SAT Requirements: eStudies What are Duke TIP eStudies courses? According to the Duke TIP website, the eStudies program offers online courses in a variety of different subjects, open to â€Å"seventh through eleventh graders who have achieved certain qualifying scores on theACT or SAT.† Out of all the Duke TIP courses, the eStudies courses have the lowest score requirements. Which courses you can take depends on your score in specific SAT sections- qualifying Math scores mean you can take eStudies courses in all subjects except Humanities, while qualifying Evidence-Based Reading and Writing scores mean you can take eStudies courses in all subjects except Mathematics. So what e-Studies courses are you eligible for? Use this handy table to find out! If you took the SAT in†¦ And scored†¦ You are eligible for... 7th grade ≠¥ 480 on Math eStudies Math* ≠¥ 480 on EBRW eStudies Verbal** 8th grade ≠¥ 520 in Math eStudies Math ≠¥ 520 on EBRW eStudies Verbal 9th grade ≠¥ 560 on Math eStudies Math ≠¥ 560 on EBRW eStudies Verbal 10th grade ≠¥ 600 on Math eStudies Math ≠¥ 600 on EBRW eStudies Verbal *eStudies Math subjects include Fine Arts, Mathematics, Sciences, Social Sciences, and Technology. You do not qualify for Humanities courses unless your SAT Math score also reaches the threshold.**eStudies Verbal subjects include Fine Arts, Humanities, Sciences, Social Sciences, and Technology. You do not qualify for Mathematics courses unless your SAT Evidence-Based Reading and Writing score also reaches the threshold. What If I Just Barely Don’t Make It? On their site, Duke TIP states that students who narrowly missed qualifying, are too old, orwho missed the enrollment period for Duke TIP's 7th Grade Talent Search can still join Duke TIP through 8th-10th Grade Option. Unfortunately, they don't define "narrowly," so it's hard to say when you should consider 8th-10th Grade Option. What is clear is that you can alwaysretest on your own if you don’t meet the score qualifications for eStudies courses, or if you need a higher score to attend the Academy or Center for Summer Studies. We have more information about the application process in our article about the Duke TIP 7th Grade Talent Search. SAT Score Requirement: Academy for Summer Studies The Academy for Summer Studies at Duke TIP offers eligible students in grades 7-10 summer classes with "interactive, inquiry-based learning that challenges them to think critically about themselves and their world." How do you know if your SAT scores qualify you for the Academy for Summer Studies? Use the tables below to find out what scores you need to qualify for the Academy Math or Academy Verbal courses. You are eligible for the Duke TIP Academy for Summer Studies Math classes if you... Took the SAT in... And on the Math section scored between... 7th grade 510-540 8th grade 550-580 9th grade 590-620 10th grade 630-660 You are eligible for the Duke TIP Academy for Summer Studies Verbal classes if you... Took the SAT in... And on the EBRW section scored between... 7th grade 510-550 8th grade 560-590 9th grade 600-630 10th grade 640-670 Note: while you can take Academy classes in all subject areas if you have an eligible SAT Math score, if you only have an eligible SAT Verbal score, then you may only take classes in Fine Arts, Humanities, Sciences, or Social Sciences- you are not eligible to take Mathematics or Technology courses. SCORE logo by Score, in the Public Domain. SAT Score Requirement: Center for Summer Studies The Center for Summer Studies is another summer program offered by Duke TIP; the difference between the Center and the Academy is in the intensity of the courses and the stringency and specificity of the score requirements. Again, we’ve compiled the information from the TIP website into a simpler, easier-to-understand form, dividing up information for 7th-10th graders into two separate tables (one for Center Math courses and one for Center Verbal courses). You are eligible for the Duke TIP Center for Summer Studies Math classes if you... Took the SAT in... And on the Math section scored... 7th grade ≠¥550 8th grade ≠¥590 9th grade ≠¥630 10th grade ≠¥670 You are eligible for the Duke TIP Center for Summer Studies Verbal classes if you... Took the SAT in... And on the EBRW section scored... 7th grade ≠¥560 8th grade ≠¥600 9th grade ≠¥640 10th grade ≠¥680 Extra Advice: Want to get into the best college you can? Read our famous guide on how to get into Harvard, the Ivy League, and your top choice college. In this guide, you'll learn: What colleges are looking for in your application How to impress your top choice colleges Why you're probably wasting your time on activities that don't matter Even if you're not actually interested in Ivy League schools, you'll still learn something fundamental about how to apply to college. Read our top college admissions guide today. Duke TIP Score Requirements: A Few Final Notes For Summer Studies courses, you may only apply to the level for which you are qualified. This not only means that you can't apply to the Center for Summer Studies if your score only qualifies you for Academy courses (which makes sense), but that you can't apply to the Academy for Summer Studies if your score is higher than their score requirements- instead, you may only apply to the Center for Summer Studies. On their Test Prep page, Duke TIP has the following to say about their score requirements: â€Å"We do not recommend that students spend a lot of time preparing for the test. Above-grade-level testing is meant to be diagnostic, and many test prep programs just make students anxious.We think the best way to prepare is to be familiar with the structure of the test and the timing of each section, and to review the practice questions we provide so that you know what to expect and are at east on test day.† [Source: Test Prep | Duke TIP. Accessed 2019-07-19.] And look, when you’re taking the SAT as a 7th or 8th grader, you don't need to worry about getting an SAT score that will get you into college. In fact, we have a series of articles about what a good SAT score for a 7th grader and an 8th grader might be, based on extrapolations from data from Duke TIP and John Hopkins CTY. We also have information about what a good score for a 9th and 10th grader might be, but if you're taking the SAT in high school, you'll also want to start thinking about if you're applying to any colleges that require all SAT scores sent (since the College Board saves all SAT scores from 9th grade onwards) and if so, what target score you want to be aiming for. How Do I Meet The Requirements? 4...TIPS (you knew that was coming) #1: Spend time prepping. Yes, I know I just quoted the Duke TIP site, which advises the opposite, but let's be realistic: you'll need at least some test prep. This in no way means that you should invest in any kind of SAT prep course- just that, at the bare minimum, you'll want to familiarize yourself with the SAT's structure and timing. You should take a practice test to gauge where you are, then use this information to determine the amount you have to improve to meet the qualifications for your desired program. Know how much time you have to study so you can plan your prep accordingly. If you only have a few weeks before the SAT, you'll want to study more hours per week than if you have several months left. For more advice, read our articles about taking the SAT in 7th and 8th grade. #2: Take the SAT as early as you can and still feel prepared. If you take the SAT earlier on, you have a lower score threshold to meet (compare the 7th grade vs 8th -10th grade requirements for eStudies, Academy, and Center courses). In general, older students know more than younger students (stop rolling your eyes, younger siblings), but if you've spent time prepping, it's worth it to take it sooner rather than later.#3: If you have a standout test section, focus on it. Duke TIP is unlike most colleges and universities in that you can get in to its various programs even if you only do well on one section of the SAT. If you find that you're getting in the 300s on the SAT Math section, but in the 400s on Evidence-Based Reading and Writing, own it. In the above example, unless you have a particular Math course you really want to take, you're better off putting in the time to make sure you can consistently get above the score threshold for EBRW than you are trying to bring up all of your scores. #4: Know the SAT strategies that are appropriate for your level. Advice for getting an 800 on a section will not necessarily be relevant if you only need to get above a 560. One example of this is that if you’re aiming for a 600, you can skip the hardest 20% of questions entirely and just focus on answering as many of the easier questions correctly as possible. We have more targeted strategies like this in our article on aiming for a 600 on the SAT. Handshake by Quinn Dombrowski, used under CC BY-SA 2.0/Cropped from original. Hello, SAT Score Requirements, nice to finally meet you. I hope this article helped clarify the mystery of what the SAT score requirements for Duke TIP are. Be sure to take a spin through the ACT edition of this article if you're thinking about taking the ACT instead. What’s Next? Curious about what the Duke TIP 7th Grade Talent Search is? I demystify the mystery in this complete guide. Find more strategies about how to get a 600 on the SAT Math, Reading, and Writing tests. How far in advance should you start prepping for the SAT? Plan out your study schedule here. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Human resource in public sector Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Human resource in public sector - Research Paper Example It would also highlight the performance management programs in the organization followed by recommendations in places of shortcomings. Finally, the study would be concluded with an insight into the overall facts and findings of the project. Introduction Emirates Airline is one of the airlines located in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. It is a subsidiary company of ‘The Emirates Group’. The airline is entirely owned by Government of ‘Dubai's Investment Corporation’. It is one of the largest airlines in Middle East which accommodates more than 3400 flights in a week from Dubai International Airport to almost one hundred and fifty cities in more than seventy four countries all over the world. It ranks as one of the top ten carriers in respect of the total passenger kilometers and is the biggest airways in the entire Middle East in terms of the fleet size, sales revenue and number of passenger carried. In the year 2012, it had become the fourth biggest airline in r espect of the total number of international travelers and the scheduled passenger kilometers carried. ... It has achieved a number of awards where it had ranked eighth as the ‘Airline of the Year’ in 2012. It has been awarded on the basis of recognition of the commitments to operational excellence, financial condition inclusive of 25 years of consecutive annual profit and customer service trendsetter. It has been rated as a four star airlines by Skytrax, an aviation consultancy group. Moreover, it was voted as the ‘Airline of the Year’ in 2013. Human Resource Management Department Recruitment and Selection in Emirates Airlines GAP Analysis and Recommendations Step 1: The candidates should apply online for viewing the job vacancies to access the list of employment opportunities provided by the Emirates Group (The Emirates Group, 2013a). The online application form would help the candidates to apply for the relevant jobs online. Step 2: If any candidate receives a favorable response i.e. he or she is short listed for the applied position, then he or she would be a sked to attend the selection program held in Dubai. After the selection or assessment procedure, the line manager as well as the recruitment staff requires discussing and identifying the best suitable candidate for the particular job designation. They also take into consideration whether the chosen candidate would be able to adapt to the culture of Emirates Airlines. Step 3: If the candidate is also selected in the interview, then he or she would be receiving an email, letter or phone call from the recruitment staff informing about the outcome. There are many pre-joining clearances that are required to be done in this particular step. Step 4: After all the approvals have been processed, the candidate

Drug use in college students Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Drug use in college students - Assignment Example There are many dependent variables out of which, level of drug use is explained here. Level of drug use can be described as usage level of illegal drugs by the students whether they are using the drugs by habit or as per social constraints (Riley, 2012). The level of drug use has many possible attributes such as intensity of consumption of drugs resulting in falling health, which also affects the studies of the student. Illegal drug usage by students is a thought provoking concern and should be dealt considerably by law enforcement officials in order to control the issue. The independent variables related to drug use in college students can be attachment, commitment and level of college involvement (Riley, 2012). Students studying in colleges form attachment with their close people and places such as parents, school and college mates. The independent variable of attachment has attributes such as level of affection, respect of the elders and deterrence to use drugs. Attachment with any person or place appears as a force stopping students to use illegal drugs (Riley, 2012). Commitment is another independent variable that has many attributes such as students’ reputation in the college, employment of students and religion that they follow. All these attributes affect the students in being committed to their set values due to which, they are restricted to the drug usage in colleges (Riley, 2012). By considering their commitments to various options available to students, they are hindered to make illegal drug usage that is beneficial for their career and health. The level of college involvement is an independent variable, which can be explained as being engaged in co-curricular activities such as games, club memberships, employment and fraternities and much more. These engagements hinder the college students to get indulged in drug usage considering

Residential School Healing and Resurgence Essay

Residential School Healing and Resurgence - Essay Example This essay declares that the list of negative consequences of residential schooling includes a loss of native language, destruction of culture, different types of chronic addictions, cases of broken families, feeling of cultural shame, interpersonal violence, inter-generational sexual abuse, and so on and so forth. This paper makes a conclusion that tthe government of Canada decided to establish the AHF or the Aboriginal Healing Foundation. It happened in March 1998, and the AHF's major concern was to address the legacy of abuse experience by Aboriginals in residential schools. However, it is not the only goal of the foundation. Other ones include promotion of healing between Canadians and residential school survivors by truth telling and acknowledgment of the mistakes made by Canadians in the past. In other words, this foundation and all of its programs are essential for Canada in terms of apologizing for the black parts of its history, and for residence school survivors in terms of having a chance to overcome the burden of the past. It has been identified that survivors of residential schooling should never be treated in isolation. Thus, practitioners taking part in the healing process encourage family, neighbours, friends, and the community at large to take part in the healing process. It is believed that a so-called collective healing is likely to enhance a strengthening of Anishinabe ethnocultural identity. This approach based on a combination of traditional and non-traditional healing practices is believed to be the most effective in terms of the problem.

Organizational Commitment to Diversity in Non Profit Organizations Research Paper

Organizational Commitment to Diversity in Non Profit Organizations - Research Paper Example Since cancer doesn’t allow any kind of discrimination and has no boundaries, it is important for organization to ensure that it has appropriate mix of employees belonging to various ethnic groups and races so that they can serve every patient well. Every year, more than 1.4 million Americans are diagnosed with cancer and they belong to various culture, ethnic groups, and race and have even conceivable background of cancer. The basic belief of ACS is to promote diversity and inclusion as part of their mission to eradicate the cancer issue as a foremost health problem. ACS Mission Statement â€Å"The American Cancer Society is the nationwide, community-based, voluntary health organization dedicated to eliminating cancer as a major health problem by preventing cancer, saving lives, and diminishing suffering from cancer, through research, education, advocacy, and service.† (ACS, 2012) International Mission Statement â€Å"The American Cancer Society's international mission concentrates on capacity building in developing cancer societies and on collaboration with other cancer-related organizations throughout the world in carrying out shared strategic directions.† (ACS, 2012) ACS Commitment to Diversity At ACS, the management team strongly emphasizes the importance of diversity in the workforce as they have patients belonging to various backgrounds. According to Otike, Messah and Mwalekwa (2011).

Explain how the situation in Europe immediately following the fall of Essay

Explain how the situation in Europe immediately following the fall of Germany led directly to the Cold War. In your opinion, sho - Essay Example This is because the disengagement by America both politically and economically had contributed to the rise of regimes that were dictatorial or oppressive in Europe. In order to counter this, the United States developed a policy that was aimed at improving trade with most of the Western European nations that would not only have the effect of promoting growth in both America and Europe, but also bolster allies and US friends. The Soviet Union on the other hand stuck to its tradition of having in place a central but autocratic regime that sharply contrasted with the freedom and democratic ideals espoused by America. The Soviet Union ideology is what is referred to as Marxist-Leninist ideology and it guided all the policies that were to be adopted by the Soviets. The Soviet Union was at this time obsessed with the fear that another attack would greatly affect the economy of the country and they therefore tried to put in place borders that could be defended. They did this through ensuring that there were friendly regimes in the mostly Eastern European countries and instilling the Soviet ideology of communism against the wishes of majority of citizens in these nations. This was against the stand by United States who were advocating for the restoration of independence and self-determination through democratic governments Eastern European countries such as Czechoslovakia and Poland. The declaration made 1946 by then Russian leader; Stalin that international peace was unattainable in the world with the prevailing capitalist ideology of development of the world economy precipitated the Cold War. The Western Allies led by the United States and Britain under President Truman and Prime Minister Churchill respectively responded by declaring to work together to stop the spread of Soviet dominance at all costs in what was referred to as an Iron Curtain descending across the continent. This became the genesis of Cold War pitted the Western Allies led by the United States agains t the Soviet Union (Sirimarco 2005, p.3). The Fall of Germany Germany fell through a series of occurrences that began with Hitler abandoning his Rastenburg headquarters on November 20, 1944 (Hogg and Perrett, p.435). This underlined the desperation of Germany at the time as during the second half of 1944, the Nazi regime had come under attack from its enemies both from the east, west and the south that greatly interfered with the supplies and manufacturing industries consistently. This was evident as Germany’s Luftwaffe had a myriad of the best military aircraft at the time but lacked the fuel to fly them and the spares for their maintenance. As this was happening the German Chancellor Adolf Hitler pegged his hopes of reviving Germany by relying on the latest Germany technology but this was not possible as the technologies, though real and impressive were too late and poorly executed and would not change the course of the war as already fought. This assortment of impressive w eapons included the world’s first cruise missile known as V1 and the V2, touted as the world’s first weaponised ballistic missile. Germany also had jet and rocket-propelled aircraft, which would ably help it in the war. The Battle of the Bulge On December 16, 1944, Germany undertook

British Petrolium Exploration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

British Petrolium Exploration - Essay Example Finally BP Explorations current strategies against future competitions they face are also discussed. According to Forbes (2004), BP was compared with, Shell, ExxonMobil and Total. The data were taken from the companies non-financial reports (CnFR), added on with more information on their CSR website. This data was made available at the time of the analysis (BP, 2005; ExxonMobil,2004; Shell, 2004; Total, 2004). The prime objective of the analysis was to get information on the actions which the companies attributed to CSR, what the inducements, aims, and targets for these actions were, and how they designed to attain this. A real study of the four companies reveals the fact that they are very similar in many respects. The table below presents some vital information about the 4 companies. Apart from the information presented in the above table all the companies possess a major part of the value chain of oil and gas resources. The four companies are concerned from extraction to retailing and they have a large petro-chemical activity. Corporate governance is a mode of the direction and control which the companies have on their operations. ... This term derived force only after the corporate scandals like Enron in which leaders profited themselves rather then the company. The companies deal with this issue by giving a description of proper assessment making procedure and the economic interests of those making these determinations, i.e. stock options, participation in other companies etc. Extended producer liability is regarding the responsibility for the products after they have been sold, generally for the use and removal phase of the life cycle. BP centers on modifying their customers to use their products safely (BP, 2001, BP Business Policies: What we stand for. Retrieved April 21, 2009 from www.bp.com). Smart technology moves Getting the right technology is vital for building a competitive energy business and for creating a sustainable future. The strategy which was instituted on tackling precise technologies in back up of clear business goals (Frontiers, December 2003), is now bearing fruit in the case of BP. The company is developing so that it faces to meet the challenge of the world's rising energy demand by discovering new ways of getting at more hydrocarbons from on hand and new resources. The company also believes in BPE 5 developing and delivering new products to customers. In a way by investing in technology the business in BP is shaping up and is opening up new alternatives. At present BP ranks as the number two oil and gas company and this company has achieved through its market capitalization.'Market Capital is nothing but the share price multiplied by the number of shares in issue, Rankings are normally done on a $ basis.' When calculating in dollars for BP the ADR price (American Depository Receipt - the

Explain how the situation in Europe immediately following the fall of Essay

Explain how the situation in Europe immediately following the fall of Germany led directly to the Cold War. In your opinion, sho - Essay Example This is because the disengagement by America both politically and economically had contributed to the rise of regimes that were dictatorial or oppressive in Europe. In order to counter this, the United States developed a policy that was aimed at improving trade with most of the Western European nations that would not only have the effect of promoting growth in both America and Europe, but also bolster allies and US friends. The Soviet Union on the other hand stuck to its tradition of having in place a central but autocratic regime that sharply contrasted with the freedom and democratic ideals espoused by America. The Soviet Union ideology is what is referred to as Marxist-Leninist ideology and it guided all the policies that were to be adopted by the Soviets. The Soviet Union was at this time obsessed with the fear that another attack would greatly affect the economy of the country and they therefore tried to put in place borders that could be defended. They did this through ensuring that there were friendly regimes in the mostly Eastern European countries and instilling the Soviet ideology of communism against the wishes of majority of citizens in these nations. This was against the stand by United States who were advocating for the restoration of independence and self-determination through democratic governments Eastern European countries such as Czechoslovakia and Poland. The declaration made 1946 by then Russian leader; Stalin that international peace was unattainable in the world with the prevailing capitalist ideology of development of the world economy precipitated the Cold War. The Western Allies led by the United States and Britain under President Truman and Prime Minister Churchill respectively responded by declaring to work together to stop the spread of Soviet dominance at all costs in what was referred to as an Iron Curtain descending across the continent. This became the genesis of Cold War pitted the Western Allies led by the United States agains t the Soviet Union (Sirimarco 2005, p.3). The Fall of Germany Germany fell through a series of occurrences that began with Hitler abandoning his Rastenburg headquarters on November 20, 1944 (Hogg and Perrett, p.435). This underlined the desperation of Germany at the time as during the second half of 1944, the Nazi regime had come under attack from its enemies both from the east, west and the south that greatly interfered with the supplies and manufacturing industries consistently. This was evident as Germany’s Luftwaffe had a myriad of the best military aircraft at the time but lacked the fuel to fly them and the spares for their maintenance. As this was happening the German Chancellor Adolf Hitler pegged his hopes of reviving Germany by relying on the latest Germany technology but this was not possible as the technologies, though real and impressive were too late and poorly executed and would not change the course of the war as already fought. This assortment of impressive w eapons included the world’s first cruise missile known as V1 and the V2, touted as the world’s first weaponised ballistic missile. Germany also had jet and rocket-propelled aircraft, which would ably help it in the war. The Battle of the Bulge On December 16, 1944, Germany undertook

Animation Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Animation Critique - Essay Example Fred Moore was different from the other animators because of his style of drawing. He was ranked in a different league because he gave charm, emotion and appeal to his characters. By doing this his characters looked more substantial while performing their actions. Fred had the 14 points of animation which he kept in check while working. He concluded that the character should have appeal, interesting depiction, entertaining, presence of creator in character, advancement of character, two-dimensional clarity, three-dimensional solidity and four-dimensional drawing (Duggan, 99). Moore was famous for portraying womanhood with great flair. His drawing of Snow White did not impress Walt hence he was given the responsibility to create the dwarfs. Moore designed the look and personalities of the seven dwarfs and also animated the famous scene of Snow White kissing Grumpy dwarf (Lenburg, 342). Animation history is full of world class animators. Another famous individual known in field is Pete Burness, who is well known for creating the character of Mr. Magoo (Lenburg, 39). The most famous character in the world of animation is Walt Disney. He was a legend who gave us Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck, Snow White and Bambi. He was known for his innovative thinking and perfection. His animated characters have and will always be alive among us (Krasniewicz,

A Brief analysis of HRM within Wal Mart

A Brief analysis of HRM within Wal Mart Human resource management  is process of management  of people working in any company or organization. There is another term used instead of human resource management is personnel management All the human resource management models emphasizes on following important things: searching new ways of working role of manager in change making managing the activities of employees Human working capital is very important for success of the businesses especially in service sectors. Human resources are one of major costs part for any business, they always play very important role in development which path company is adopting for success in business. Correct and efficient management of resources and their utilization is necessary for success of all businesses. Practitioners of human resource management have developed a modern view related to work management rather than previously set of traditional philosophy. In current competitive business world that is always dynamic organizations have to keep them advance with the pace of development in this changing environment. The division of work inside organization aimed at completing tasks on time. Among all of the important organizational departments is the department of human resource management. According to some experts organizational success basically depends on the success of human resource department. This department has lot of value inside the organization. Human resource management  is well set, properly designed  and rational  approach to any of the  management  work that contributes to the achievement of set business objectives. In all organizations human resource people have various functions. In companies department of human resource play a crucial role as they are responsible for dealing with diversity of staff. Starting from the recruitment identification process to the identification of the benefits that each employee can bring to the organization, with a proper planning for this achievement. There is always a way that ensures functions of human resources will be different for different organizations according to the needs of that organization. The people in human resource always have the focus and responsibility to improve the performance of the employee. Mainly the staffing is a vital step related to this process, but results and outcome lies in performance management. This is directly result of internal control of the Human Resources to make more of the workforce. Human Resources Department mostly tries its good efforts to give benefits to employees cause it wants them to perform well with higher satisfaction, according to their job description. Improvement in the s taff performance comes through a systematic approach adopted by human resource people. Current assignment will study the concept of human resource management, main responsibilities of the department, problems and issues faced by this department, workers incentive and appraisal, diverse approaches related to human resource management, and idea and administration of any change in origination. We also will try to find that how walmart making progress in current competitive business environment while managing all its Human Resources effectively to bring desired success. What are some critical features of walmart policy and strategy for its human resource management. 2 History of Walmart Date of Wal-Mart Most people know that most popular discount retailers started in 1962, K-Mart, flat and Wal-Mart opened its first store. (Company, 2010) actually started by Sam Walton of this work during the intense competition of the 1950s many of the regional discount stores. Before making the opening of its company Sam went to most of the parts of country to learn things about the discount retail business. He successfully convinced American consumers that he got the idea for a new and compared to the old. With confidence and vision, Sam with his wife Helen started the development of a major stake in the first store in Rogers, Kmart has expanded rapidly in the 1960s, while Sam was to get sufficient money for the development of 15 stores of Wal-Mart. In 1972, business shares were offered to public in the New York. With this combination of money, the company made growth in business established its stores in 11 countries with number of 276 stores by the end of its first decade. In 1983, opened its fi rst store Sam Club Members Gallery. The early Supercenter was opened by 1988, featuring grocery store and other 36 departments for general merchandise. By 1989, there were 1402 Wal-Mart Stores 0.123 Sam Club sites. Increased ten-fold work. Its sales grown to $ 26 billion from one billion dollar. (Milner, 2005) Today it have stores and sites numbered 8747 in more than 15 countries of the world that have 2.1 million Associates and provides service to at least 176 million customers in a year time. 3 Concept of Human Resources Management Human resource management Can be defined as the sum of all these activities that are associated with management of staff and their relationship within the company. Or And continue operations in the management of people and organizations in any way to achieve their goals and objectives. While an agent (2007) is defined as all the decisions and strategies and the factors managers processes and practices, functions, activities and methods for the management of the peoples who work as employees in any organization. So, human resources management is essentially a study as well as management in any organization that stands on the ideas and techniques to improve the status of employee motivation, efficiency and performance. Based on the idea of managing people to believe that the staff is very important for the specific business and its continued success. The organization can gain a competitive advantage only by using its staff effectively, drawing plans on the basis of their expertise and skills in order to achieve well-defined objectives. In organizations, and human resources departments play a crucial role as they are responsible for dealing with diverse staff. Of the recruitment process and to identify the benefits that each employee is done through the Department of Human Resources. Could be that the functions of human resources are always different to cover the requirements of organizations, similarly they always focus and take responsibility to improve the performance of the employee. Mainly the process of staffing is very important step for this, but mostly the result lies in performance management. This is linked to internal control by the Department of Human Resources and more of the workforce . 4 Workforce Planning and the difficulties Work force planning and preparation of all your options before going into the real work set for the staff to get the organizational goals is very important issue. It is well understood principle that the people are organizations important asset. Because without the capable staff it is difficult for all organizations to reach towards their goals. The bulk of organizational improvement will come only after ensuring that the right staff with the right skills, knowledge and behaviors in the organization. Workforce planning related to achieving this outcome, and any serious link between business planning and development, recruitment and retention, and staff training. Wal-Mart is much concern about this issue, human resources and recruitment system and effective to deal with their needs for this purpose and put the plan always. They announced the vacancy correctly, a pre-assessment before engaging in the selection process. They provide benefits to its employees and facilities in spite of, is blamed for some time to Wal-Mart facilities discrimination and ill-especially low-paid. This layout is about the workforce and provides the opportunity to work on long-term thinking about the relevant services in the future, and needs, and explore all viable strategies. Thus, the central planning for company work becomes important for the organizations. 4.1 Employment Requirements Critical stage in the recruitment of human resources management. It should be well planned and structured so that the organization can recruit the right person for the right place instead of just making the availability of another person at work. There are many of the problems faced during this process and managers for some time and the inability to focus, time and financial resources necessary to make this process effective. Wal-Mart that they always take qualified personnel and according to it, and it makes employees with proper education and skils efficiency. 4.2 Development and Training Appointment comes after the development and training stage. Most the organizations unfortunately sometimes even for technical jobs do not provide adequate training for their employees before hiring and employment. There must be made sound system which can ensure that the Organization the necessary arrangements to work before and on the job training and development for their employees. The-job training is the main part in the field of human resources at Wal-Mart is now not only offers these courses for their employees, but in times of recession, they offer training courses for some people who are by this time of recession. (Wal-Mart, 2010) 5 Administration of human resources and staff performance Human resources management are primarily responsible for the employees performance in business administration (Jones, 2007). To achieve its purposes, which is responsible for dealing with staff from induction to work on and improve their commitment and reduce absenteeism and turnover, and improving skills levels and productivity, and improve the quality and efficiency of its work. 6 Century 20 key ways to manage human resources There are some key criteria developed that are in use from the days of the 20 century and developed later by some HR professionals to achieve the highest standards of performance and strongly recommend the organization to follow the rules of these standards for the performance of high-quality employees. These are the best practices, fit this view of resources. 6.1 Best practices Also called as high commitment human resource management to ensure that the realization of the best practices in human resources makes improvement to organizational performance. There are many best practices to keep the advantage using the employees for profits by giving due importance to staff at Wal-Mart. These practices are: 1) job security, (2) recruitment of flour, 3) training and large-scale, 4) the exchange of information, 5) capable teams, 6) also paid a much higher according to the profit and reduce the inequalities in the position of the staff. 6.2 best fit, or approach of emergency Says that the management of human resources that can perform well when there was a suit involving the required vertical on the performance of human resources management and corporate strategy. There must be a unity between the process closely and human resources and policy with the policy of the foreign company. There are various theories related to vertical integration. For example is life cycle models, that argue in favor of the human resources which according to experts can be easily known in development stage of any organization by its policies and practices that it adopts at development or life cycle process. Some other models of competitive advantage that the idea of Porter on strategic choice. Maps a variety of human resources practices in the organization options for the development of competitive strategy. The third is configurationally models that provide a more accurate assessment depends safe from an organizational strategy to determine the appropriate human resources pol icies and practices. Wal-Mart is famous for this approach because it is conscious to get the best people to do their job, because they are not many offers, such as previous experiences of the application, it is also strict rules in the second performance evaluations. Showing 6.3 resources and building According to some is the basis for modern human resources management, and it focuses mostly on internal organizational resources, and considers how these resources contribute to competitive advantage. And the scarcity of resources is ideal for harmony and human resources management and its central role for the development of human resources organizational value, and this is rare, it is sometimes difficult to replace and organize effectively. Wal-Mart in the keyword in the field of human resources is a valid but the staff who works to meet these goals which are set by organization. 7 Academic theory It is based on the fundamental principle of human beings are not like machines, and therefore any organization needs to have multidisciplinary assessment at their workplace for all staff. Many areas of psychology, for example, sociology, industrial relations, economics, engineering, industrial and monetary theories play an important role and a key. Universities and colleges offer diverse courses in human resources management. Wal-Mart and a good learning approach to build capacity in the area of personnel. One commonly used way to explain the function of human resources management was developed by Dave Ulrich, which identifies four areas of the role of human resources management: collaborator and strategic business As a result of the change agent a hero of the staff and experts on Administrative. 8 Responsibilities of the Department of Human Resources Different companies and different departments working within the organization, and these departments including sales management to human resources management. Human Resources department staff muscles depends on size of staff in company. Job opportunities in this section includes human resources coordinator, human resources and assistant director of human resources management. Can the responsibilities of human resources management as follows: 1: Human resources management is doing all the planning, advertising, interviewing and selection of staff. 2: Department should know law at all levels from federal, state or provincial and local laws relevant to the work of staff. 3: This section helps companies on training and staff development. Companies train their staff to a variety of reasons, such as motivating staff to learn new things new. The length of hours of time for several weeks, depends on the nature of the exercises. Some time and include safety measures in the workplace. As mentioned by Derek, et al (2004) that It shall be the duty of every employer to ensure, so far as is practicable, the health, safety and welfare at work of all staff. 4: should any private company to use the drive is able to attract staff, skilled and hard work. After the payment of these benefits are shared to keep on encouraging workers for a long time on the functions of the organization. These include the benefits for time of unemployment. Companies offer a variety of benefits, including dental insurance, and vision insurance and payments for a few days off. 8.1 Tasks performed And human resources in any company that requires kind of management, that involves several steps for this process. They look to achieve all these goals mentioned above. Cannot be performed by each of these activities in human resources management, but some tasks can be outsourced or cannot be performed by these executives, even by other departments. People at Wal-Mart human resources, efficient in their jobs, they provide significant benefits to employees who claim Associates. The following are the main tasks carried out by human resources departments at Wal-Mart: Employment-planned Employment Employee induction and orientation to make them on-board Employee skills of management Employee proper training Employee daily base management Compensation Time Management Travel arrangements Payroll (some companies give this task to the accounts) Employee benefits management Planning staff costs Annual Assessment Labour Relations 9 Human resources strategy when some human resources management and strategy for implementing the tasks set by the department of handling human resources management. Have human resources functions of the Organization include the recruitment and selection policies, and procedures related to disciplinary procedures, policies, rewards and prizes, and human resources plan and policies specific learning and development. But it should be aliened all these regulatory issues in the overall strategy for the business sector. Human resources management strategy and the comprehensive plan, with regard to human resources policy in the implementation process. Human resources management strategy usually consists of the following factors: Wal-Mart always gives priority to the strategies that best fit and best practices, which means there is a link between human resources management strategy and corporate strategy. Encountered some blam critic Wal-Mart to use this strategy against the employee benefits and fair pay, so many times waltmart cases of discrimination against them. But the people Wal-Marts efficient in the field of continuous monitoring of the human resources strategy, through the study of the employee, feedback and surveys necessary for the organization. 10 Career Education There are a number of Universities and Colleges to study in the areas of human resources management and related benefits. It was the first Cornell University in the world who started their studies in human resources management and educational administration full. Wal-Mart and good training and education system for workers in the teaching profession and communicate with various projects and sectors that handle these projects in their human resources. There are many new careers at wallmart , which engaged things related to recruitment, employment, recruitment and the interviews done in general, equal opportunities in employment or professional employment organization. Training is conducted regularly with the development of specialization by the trainers. 11 case studies: critical analysis of the human resources approach Walmart Wal-Mart, which is famous for retail in the U.S. A and the top retailers in the U.S. market. Wal-Mart is the rapid growth in the awareness that you make. According to the site Wal-Mart (Company, 2010) Wal-Mart serves customers and members in more than 200 million times a week in more than 8747 retail units under the flags of different countries, 5515. With fiscal 2010 sales of 405 billion dollars, 2.1 million Wal-Mart is working partners all over the world. Leader in sustainability, charitable companies and jobs, in first place among retailers, Wal-Mart impressive in Fortune magazine as most companies in the survey for the year 2010. Wal-Mart has the status of these substances can also see that Wal-Mart to buy large quantities of items from its suppliers to create economies of scale, and inventory control with an effective system to assist in making operating costs less than those of its competitors. It is also many goods imported from China, factory of the world for its low cost. In the word of the strategy at the level of the company from Wal-Mart, the low cost strategy with a little insulation. Wal-Mart managers and engage in three levels of strategic planning (Gary Dessler, 2005) in the business, and corporate-level strategic function. As for Wal-Mart, corporate and business level strategy to drive low-cost. From the perspective of performance management, to Wal-Mart has very high standards and strict job titles. In career management, Wal-Mart and also goes great efforts to reduce costs, and there are many cases that women Su, Wal-Mart to its policy of discrimination against women by systematically denying them promotions and paying them less than men. There are women who have been paid to the departments to lower FEMALE complain about unequal treatment of male colleagues. From the perspective of compensation management, has also showed Wal-Mart human resources policies and activities of the very aggressive to fit the low cost strategy. Wal-Mart imported $ 15 billion worth of goods from China, but also Wal-Mart has some of the factories in China, which branded products with the name of Wal-Mart. We can see just how Wal-Marts strategy of companies only extensively with integrated human resources policy. Wal-Mart workers in California to earn 31 percent less on average than workers in large retail as a whole. In fact, with other operating costs that put it on the highest level of inventory management, and managers must turn to the storage fees to increase profits, Wal-Mart is expected to reduce labor costs by two-tenths of a year. So, these aggressive policies of human resources, not just more, the fittest. From the viewpoint of the employee and the interest of safety, as well as human resource policies at Wal-Mart, which aligned well with the strategy at the corporate level. Often accused of Wal-Mart failed to provide employees access to affordable health care, but the senior managers and HR managers know their focus was just trying to implement most of the low cost strategy. Wal-Mart strongly against the policy of the Union. It was reported in the United Kingdoms Guardian newspaper that Wal-Mart faces the prospect of a messy legal battle with the messy GMB bruises in a row about the rights of collective bargaining, to the Union does not accept the Wal-Mart has withdrawn its bid to pay 10% to more than 700 workers. (Milner, 2005) and here there may be some doubt as to why Wal-Mart has recently allowed trade unions in their stores in China, where trade unions are required. I tried Wal-Mart in China every possible effort to develop good relations with the Government of China and other groups of influence. So make this the exception of China and Wal-Mart unionizations except in accordance with the overall strategy and human resources strategy. If the company has ignored the rule of the Chinese government, the cost is more than just what would be saved by not allowing the Organization of Trade Unions. We may evaluate the various human resources practices and systems, Wal-Mart best fit the organizations strategy for competitive companies. Then here is the role of HR managers in this company who are professionals with strategic skills of human resources and other resources needed to build a human-oriented strategy. Human resource managers in one of the technical departments of Wal-Mart, and tried their best to fit the companys strategy to reduce the cost low. They made some rules and policies, for example, the implementation of the policy against the Union in its stores to reduce costs from outside the EU, but to assist in the implementation of the lock in policies; tried to resist the deficit in the loss of efficiency. Should encourage women to discrimination by giving them a far less chance of money, and workers in fact mentioned in the Wal-Mart has also received a salary much lower compared with the average level of the industry. Try Wal-Mart human resources managers and also to control the conduct of staff and competencies that require the companys strategy through the actions and policies of the companys strategy in support of human resources, some of which may be adduced. Wal-Mart human resources managers refers to its employees as partners and encourages managers to think of themselves as servant leaders, and this is to encourage them to serve others while staying focused on achieving results in line with the organizations values and integrity. Wal-Mart also faces lawsuits alleging that the companys discrimination against disabled workers, to employ these men intended to provide more facilities for them and lost efficiency to some extent. They also faced charges of child labor. Also charges of discrimination of women. All of these types of human resources policies are not enough compared to international best practices approved by the Department of Human Resources in all good companies. Regardless of Wal-Mart to adopt low-cost strategy or differentiation strategy, and these policies and practices to achieve specific objectives to save any additional cost, but to motivate employees to increase their contribution in helping companies and even in shapin g culture. 12 Conclusion and proposals With the update that brought the introduction of computers and mobile phones, information and technological advances robots to support human life and the work it is easy to be good performance in any business.

The Awakening of Nora in Ibsens A Dolls House Essay -- Dolls House e

The Awakening of Nora in Ibsen's A Doll's House   Ã‚   The status of women in the 1800's, when A Doll's House was written, was that of a second-class citizen.   Women did not have the right to vote, own property, or make legal transactions.   The role of women was restricted to that of a housewife.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In A Doll's House, Ibsen does a wonderful job of presenting the character of Nora as person who goes though an awakening about her life.   In the beginning, she concerns herself only with being a perfect wife and mother according to the social norms of the time.   Later, she realizes that she cannot continue just being her husband's shadow.   Eventually, she decides that she has duties to herself that are above of those of being a wife.   She confronts the fact that she's not complete being the way that her husband, society and the church want for her to be.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ibsen exposes the fact that Nora's self image has been molded by the men of her life.   First, she is a doll-child ... then a doll-bride.   She's a little play toy for the men - a beautiful possession to show off to their friends.   This presents the reality of women in the 1800's.   Women were often treated as objects by men.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Little girls were raised to be good mothers and wives.   They were taught their role was to make their families happy even if they were not happy themselves.   In the play, Nora mentions the way she was treated when she was living at home in her father's house.   She is raised no to have her own identity. Nora: Yes, it's true now, Torvald.   When I lived at home with Papa, he told me all his opinions, so I had the same ones too; or if they were different I hid them, since he wouldn't have care for that.   He used to call... ... is representative of the awakening of society to the changing view of the role of woman. A Doll's House magnificently illustrates the need for and a prediction of this change. Works Cited and Consulted: Clurman, Harold. 1977. Ibsen. New York: Macmillan. Heiberg, Hans. 1967. Ibsen. A Portrait of the Artist. Coral Gables, Florida: University of Miami. Ibsen, Henrik. "A Doll's House." Perrine's Literature.   Forth Worth:   Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1998.   pp. 967-1023 Northam, John. 1965. "Ibsen's Search for the Hero." Ibsen. A Collection of Critical Essays. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. Shaw, Bernard. "A Doll's House Again."   Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism.   Detroit: Gale Research Inc., 1979. Sturman, Marianne Isben's Plays I, A Doll's House Cliffs Notes, 1965. Thomas, David. Henrik Ibsen. New York: Grove, 1984

Dominate Cultural Patterns of Switzerland Essays -- essays research pa

Interpersonal Relations/Communications Dominant Cultural Patterns in the United States as Compared and Contrasted to Dominant Cultural Patterns in Switzerland   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Switzerland is one of the most mountainous countries in Europe. The Alps cover more than half of the country. It is a small country of 15,942 square miles. The country can be geographically divided into 3 areas: the Alps, the Mittleland (plateau), and the Jura mountains.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The population of Switzerland is about 7.3 million, with the majority of the population living in the Mittleland area. Switzerland is a melting pot of different ethnic groups-Germans, French, Italians, and Romansch. About 6% of the people who live in Switzerland have come from the Middle East, the former Yugoslavia, Greece, Italy, and other countries. Most of them are guest workers and do not have Swiss citizenship (Culturgram 277). Due to the diversity of cultures, Switzerland has four official languages-German, French, Italian. and Romansch. Romansch is spoken by 1% of the population.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Switzerland is one of the world’s oldest democracies. The founding of the Swiss Confederation took place on August 1, 1291. Switzerland became a neutral country in 1815, making it illegal for the Swiss federal government to enter into political alliances or to make war except for in self-defense.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The country is divided into 26 states. These states are known as cantons. Political powers are divided between the federal government and the cantons (state) government. The citizens enjoy close control over the laws of the cantons, as well as the federal government. Referendums allow people to demand popular vote. Initiatives give the citizens the right to bring specific issues before the people to vote upon.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Now that you have a brief overview of Switzerland, we can successfully compare and contrast this country to the United States. Not just socially, or economically, for the reason behind this paper is to compare and contrast the dominant cultural patterns of the United States (individualism, equality, materialism, science and technology -progress and change, activity and work) to the dominant cultural patterns of Switzerland.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When comparing and contrasting the dominant cultural... ...as skiing, bobsledding, camping, hiking, climbing, boating and swimming. We as American’s enjoy many different forms of â€Å"play†. There is a great demand for amusement parks, sporting events, art, music, hobbies, and food. We enjoy spending time with family and friends, indoors as well as outdoors.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Switzerland is considered to be an industrial nation, as is the United States. The Swiss are known for their craftsmanship and take pride in their work. Manufacturing includes the production of various precision instruments, watches, machine tools, textiles, and chemicals.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In conclusion, I have decided that the United States and Switzerland are similar in many ways. Our social and political systems are similar. Both of these countries are innovative, industrious, prosperous, and value freedom and independence. Works Cited â€Å"Switzerland.† Culturgram 2000, Ed. Grant P. Skabelund. 2 vols. Brigham Young University and eMSTAR, Inc. USA, 1999 â€Å"Switzerland.† Funk & Wagnalls New Encyclopedia, Ed. Leon. L Bram. 29 vols. United States  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  of America: Rand McNally & Company, 1986 â€Å"Switzerland.† New Enc

P Cruises Marketing Concepts

Social needs Include the chance to meet new people and create a new social group, or simply the right to ‘brag' to friends about the experiences one has undergone while using this product. Individual needs could Include the chance of gallon new knowledge gathered through the locations offered and a different experience. Wants, when backed by buying power, become known as demands (Armstrong, Adam, Denizen & Kettle, 2012). The wants for this product are shaped through a persona's social background or even rich culture.Its uniqueness also forces the shape of the want and the variation of the respective of a holiday which is achieved through this product promotes the demand. The organization shapes the demand by promoting the practices that can only been seen and experiences through the product. P Cruises do not simply offer one type of product. What they achieve through their market include a service, goods and an experience, which are used to satisfy the customer's needs, wants a nd demands. The services that this organization offers include accommodation, meals, on-board entertainment, etc.The company provides the essential requirements to achieve a unique experience which creates the idea of a cruise which is then seen as holiday. The availability of overseas ports promotes the want for this service. Thus, P&O Cruises are able to use experiences detailed through service as their product rather than having a physical good or product. Customer perceived value is the difference between the values the customer gains from owning and using a product and the costs of obtaining the product (Armstrong, Adam, Denizen & Kettle, 2012).Media evaluation, personal knowledge and recommendations are all techniques which could be used to evaluate a product or service and then determine whether they outweigh their competitors in terms of value and satisfaction. Through the use of media reports, it is evident that P&O Cruises are continuing to grow as a corporation and are ab le to satisfy customers and consumers wants, needs and demands. Supporting this is the social media page ‘Backbone' with over 250, 000 â€Å"likes† directed toward P&O Cruises.An Important part of marketing Is the exchange, transactions and relationships sector. In large regards to how a company builds a profitable relationship with Its customers, It weighs heavily on this segment. The exchange process Is the act of obtaining a profit for the company In return for the service and experience the company offers. In P&O Cruiser's case, It Is the exchange of a luxurious holiday for a set amount of money. The success of the exchange depends widely on the transaction process.The transaction Is the marketing unit of measurement and involves the payment for the experiences offered by P Cruises companies and the like, depend on strong relationships with their consumers in order to succeed and create a healthy business. In maintaining and building a well- established relationship between P Cruises and the consumer, a strong positive relationship will result and a positive reputation will be created in favor of the company. In creating a long-term relationship, both sides will appreciate what is being offered.The customer will enjoy the service offered again and again as they trust the company and the company will continue to receive profits. The final core marketing concept is the potential buyers of a product or service, markets. P Cruises target market varies widely. It can include individuals looking for an adventure, couples that want to develop their relationship, elders that have yet to experience the thrills offered in this service, families with money to spend on something that will entertain the younger generation and many more.However, P Cruises do generally not advertise towards individuals who have limited time, money and/or interest in what is offered by the company. The five core marketing concepts are used to develop a successful company with going concern. P Cruises have evidently used these concepts during the business years and are now one of the leading cruise services offered. They have not marketed a physical good and have marketed their services and experiences successfully through the concepts of human needs, wants and demands; market offerings; value and satisfaction; exchanges, transactions and relationships; and market.