Liquor Industry in India - 4974 Words

http://topcompaniesindia.com/liquor-companies-in-india/ Liquor companies In India are not only doing well in the country but they have huge market share in the international market as well. Many renowned liquor brands across the globe are supplied by these Indian Companies. Here is the list of top liquor companies in India based on their market capitalization. United Spirits Limited USL is the leading players in the liquor industry and is not only the best in India but it is known as one of the best in the world. With more than 140 brands of liquors, the company is known globally for McDowell’s No.1, Royal Challenge, Black Dog, and Signature Antiquity. The company has 59% market share. * Owner- Vijay Mallya * Address- UB†¦show more content†¦L P Jaiswal under the patronage of Maharaj Jagatjit Singh of Kapurthala. The company manufacturers gin, vodka, rum, and whisky. * Address- Jagatjit Industries Limited, 4th Floor Bhandari House 91, Nehru Place New Delhi-110019 * Phone- 91 11 26432641/42 * Website- http://www.jagatjit.com/ Globus Spirits The company started its journey in the year 1992 and has become one of the leading players of Indian Liquor Industry. The important segments of the company are Indian Made Indian Liquor, Indian Made Foreign Liquor, IMFL bottling and bulk alcohol. * Owner- Mr. Gautam Premnath Khandelwal, Chairman Mr. Ajay Kumar Swarup, MD * Address- Globus Spirits Limited, F-0 Ground Floor, Mira Corporate Suites, Plot Number 1 amp; 2, Ishwar Nagar, Mathura Road, New Delhi-110065 * Phone- 91 11-66424600 * Email- corpoffice@globusgrou.in * Website- http://www.globusspirits.com/ Amrut Distilleries Amrut Distilleries is known for its huge brands of items. They are Amrut Single Malt, Gold Star Fine Whiskey Blended, MAQ Scotch Blended Whisky, Prestige Blended Malt, Prestige Rare Whisky and others. * Owner- Jagdale Group * address- Amrut Distilleries Ltd, #41/1, 72nd Cross, Rajajinagar 6th Block, Bangalore – 560 010 * Phone- +91 80 222 1987, +91 80 227 8512, +91 80 23100402 * Website- http://www.amrutdistilleries.com * Email- info@amrutdistilleries.com AmberShow MoreRelatedSurrogate Advertising1445 Words   |  6 Pagessurrogate advertisements. The issue of surrogate advertisement gained publicity after the government imposed a ban on it. The purpose of this project is to highlight amp; discuss the same. THE CONCEPT OF SURROGATE ADVERTISING Even after the ban, liquor companies continued to advertise their drinks in the form of surrogate advertisements. In this type of advertisement, a product other than the banned one is promoted using an already established brand name. Such advertisements or sponsorships helpRead MoreImportance of Surrogate Advertising in Creating Brand Identity for Liquor Industry(Final)14020 Words   |  57 Pagescomprehensive and comparative study of the advertising strategy used in liquor industry which makes the need of surrogate advertising exemplary, as the only way of advertising for liquor industry and also to know the effectiveness of surrogate advertising in influencing customer perception towards the products offered by the company In the present research, in order to collect primary data sample were selected conveniently. 60 Delhi based liquor consumers were selected for collecting primary data. AlcoholRead MoreA Brief Note On The Country Of Nepal1341 Words   |  6 Pagessea level, has a unique economic structure. The long narrow country is separated into seventy five districts, each being controlled by a chief officer. Agriculture varies because of the difference in terrains and industry being limited. Most of the trade occurs with bordering country, India. Lifestyle in many cities in Nepal is not as modernized as surrounding countries in Asia. It does have features that make it a great place for tourism. Nepal is the birth place of Gautama Buddha, therefor many BuddhistRead MoreMarket Analysis of Burger King in India1282 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Burger King in India With the ever widening globalization, many businesses that are local are always trying to multinational, and those that are already multinational are all trying to cover other markets where their branches are not situated. This is the same route that Burger King (BK) is looking forward to, and in their case they want diversify into China, Japan and India. There are however several factors that BK must put into consideration before venturing into India in particular. ThereRead MoreVodka 42 Below1405 Words   |  6 Pagesselling the product to 25 countries. In very small tenure company received numerous awards. Macro-Environment Analysis of the world wide spirits industry: Demographic: World Organizational health announced alcohol as a classified drug. Alcohol abuse has dramatic impact on health. Moderate consumption of alcohol also has negative impact that is why industry is facing frequent political interface resulting in restrictive laws and extra taxation. ECONOMICAL: While the recession is over, economic growthRead MoreEssay On Gst1414 Words   |  6 Pagesof goods and services at a national level . The Goods and Services Tax Bill or GST Bill, also referred to as The Constitution (One Hundred and Twenty-Second Amendment) Bill, 2014, initiates a Value added Tax to be implemented on a national level in India. GST will be an indirect tax at all the stages of production to bring about uniformity in the system. Will the hopes triumph over uncertainty would be determined by how our government works towards making GST a â€Å"good and simple tax†. The idea behindRead MoreHistory of Sugar1439 Words   |  6 Pagesand used to create some type of sugar substance. Some say it was New Guinea but other say that the â€Å"reed† that the India native people speak of is sugar. Many are still oblivious to the important history of sugar. Sugar is a hard crop to grow it is very tempemental toward weather and climate. The spread of sugar is due to the invasion of the Arabs. They learned the make it from the India people. As their conquest reined the art of sugar making was passed on. Soon North Africa and Spain and several MediterraneanRead MoreEffects on Socio-Economic Behaviour on Youth of India Working for Bpo Sector1184 Words   |  5 Pages{draw:g} Content Executive Summary The topic of our Research would broadly include the changes the reasons behind the changes in the Socio – Economic behavioral aspects, Lifestyle and mindset of the youth (of India) working in the Business Process Outsourcing / ITES Sectors of India. However, the challenges involved in relation to the Work Culture of BPO/Call Centers is quite high, e.g., – odd working hours, constant competition pressure from higher management, high stress over handlingRead MoreRetailing As A Career : India Essay1427 Words   |  6 Pagessector in India is tremendously increasing both in urban and rural parts of India, the employment opportunities are very important in this sector. Thus, these industry requires dynamic, risk taker, competent and skilled employees to take this sector to a high extent. The retail sector in India requires professionals to increase the ultimate sales, utilization of the store space, purchase decisions, to increase the relationship between the customers and to generate high revenue to the industry. As theRead MoreDifferences between Richard Branson and Vijay Mallya Essay1382 Words   |  6 Pagesbetween Richard Branson and Vijay Mallya Analytical Summary This report analyses the differences between the leadership of Virgin Group’s Founder Richard Branson and UB Group’s Chairman Vijay Mallya. The two leaders operate in a wide range of industries, and live very public lifestyles, promoting both themselves and their companies through their activities. This is done with a view to determine which leadership style is better suited to the environment they are operating in, and what qualities

Impact of Financial Crisis on Gulf Area Essay - 1732 Words

Background The global financial crisis that was experienced in 2007/2008 affected many nations of the world. Some countries such as America and most European countries were hard hit since they were directly affected by the crisis. Other countries especially those in Asia and Africa were not adversely affected as they were not directly hit by the crisis. This crisis started in the United States after the housing bubble busted. Although the bursting of the housing bubble was the main cause of the crisis, there were a series of events that preceded it. One event that indirectly contributed to this crisis was the Russian debt crisis as well as the Asian financial crisis that took place in 1997/1998. These two events made many investors to†¦show more content†¦This foreclosure negatively affected both the financial institutions as well as individual borrowers. For the borrowers, their wealth was drained and their purchasing power eroded (Martin, 2009). For the financial instituti ons, their strength as banking institutions was greatly affected. Their liquidity had greatly reduced and most of the banks were struggling to carry out their daily monetary activities. The total losses that were recorded during this crisis were estimated to be trillions of dollars globally. The Federal Reserve as well contributed to this crisis through some of the policies that it instituted. Between the year 2003 and 2004, this institution lowered the rate of the federal funds from the initial 6.5 per cent to just 1.0 per cent (Jane, 2011). This move was aimed at addressing the effects that were associated with the terrorist attacks that took place in September of 2001. These measures were also meant to soften the negative effects that were occasioned by the collapsed dot com bubble. At this time also, there was a perceived risk that the United States could suffer from deflation. These measures were therefore aimed to combat this risk of deflation. These measures increased credit uptake but the expected results were not realized. To address the said problems, it was expected that the money borrowed would be invested in business.Show MoreRelatedBritish Petroleums Crisis Handling Practice1113 Words   |  5 Pagesgallons of crude oil were pumped into the Gulf of Mexico (Hoch), polluting over 16,000 coastal miles in the states of Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas (Mackey). The spill and subsequent coastal pollution impacted the environment negatively, causing harm to natural resources and especially wildlife, the affects of which are still being witnessed today (Elliot). The surrounding communities to the areas affected by this incident also suffered financial hardships that are continuing to beRead MoreBP Oil Spill Crisis Essay978 Words   |  4 PagesBP Oil Spill Crisis The Deepwater Horizon was a nine year old, ultra-deepwater, dynamically positioned, semi-submersible, offshore drilling rig built in South Korea. In 2008, British Petroleum (BP) leased it from Transocean to drill for oil in the Gulf Coast. In September 2009, the rig drilled the deepest oil well in history at a depth of 35,055-feet. On April 20, 2010 while drilling the rig exploded at 9:45PM (CST), killing eleven workers and injuring seventeen others. It was caused when methaneRead MoreCase Study : The Actuarial Control Cycle, Reputation Risk1466 Words   |  6 Pagesin the customer base, costly litigation and revenue deductions. The importance of reputation risk has grabbed attention of many world renowned companies and emerged as the top business risk in recent years. Case Study 1 – Toyota 2009-2010 Recalls Crisis On 28th August 2009, there was a highly publicizes fatal crash of Toyota Lexus which took the lives of four people in the US and the cause of the accidents was the stuck accelerator pedal which trapped by the floor mat. Consequently, Toyota recalledRead MoreEssay On Oil Crisis1036 Words   |  5 PagesEastern countries, to include Qatar. Now, as trade flow between Qatar and other nations digress, exporting and importing of goods to-and-from Qatar becomes just one complicated aspect of the crisis. Qatar is a leading export of goods to Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Bahrain. The only impact the crisis has on trade is the cut of food Saudi Arabia imported to Qatar; 40% of Qatar’s food is imported from, or through, Saudi Arabia (Kabbani et al. 2017). Due to its trade blockade with Qatar,Read MoreKey Stakeholders And Their Involvement1159 Words   |  5 Pagesstakeholders involved were the company’s shareholders, the government and the fishermen. Shareholders following the explosion, BP’s shares dropped by 54%, resulting in a loss of $105 billion in share value (Jarvis, 2010). This greatly impacted BP’s financial status, as shareholders are vital to the financing of businesses. Share prices have been falling since the explosion, and have not returned to the original value before the incident (Read, 2010). Dividends were also not given out that year (ibid)Read MoreBp : The Third Largest Energy Company Essay1547 Words   |  7 Pageshistory. The spill started April 20 and continued to leak oil for 87 days. The Deepwater Horizon oil spill caused a grave amount of damage to the surrounding areas both environmentally and economically. The well contained over 110 million barrels of oil and was greater than 13,000 feet below sea level. The well discharged oil into the Gulf of Mexico for 87 days until July 15 after the attempt to cement the well shut was successful. Relief wells were used to permanently seal the well, which was de claredRead MoreTruman s Speech : The Truman Doctrine1719 Words   |  7 Pagescontainment, in which he follows up with the measures that the U.S. should can achieve such a policy. He believed that â€Å"we must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way† and would be accomplished â€Å"primarily through economic and financial aid which is essential to economic stability and orderly political processes† (Truman). These sentiments were essential parts of the speech that provided the emotional appeal behind his objectives. Also, it is important to note the interchangeableRead MoreContinuing Public Relations Problems for BP Essay897 Words   |  4 Pagesstates, â€Å"The company responsible assures the country that the impact is small, and a top executive promises financial compensation. But soon after, the business garners condemnation for its lackluster response. According to corporate crisis experts BP made the same public relations mistak es as Exxon. The article also mentions that â€Å"Exxon has long been considered the archetype of how not to behave following a business crisis.† BP’s crisis happened in our new world of technology where we all were updatedRead MoreOil And Natural Gas Is An Indispensable Part Of Human Beings1465 Words   |  6 Pagesbillion tons, accounting for 3.1% of total world reserves; Africa is 110 million tons, accounting for 6.6% of total world reserves; South America, 13.4 billion tons of proven oil reserves, the total world proven 7.7% reserves. World oil consumption areas and oil resources there is a serious imbalance in ownership, while oil resources has special strategic significance in national development, and therefore compete for the global oil and gas resources around has been very intense First of all, the overuseRead MoreOil And Natural Gas Is An Indispensable Part Of Human Beings1091 Words   |  5 Pagesbillion tons, accounting for 3.1% of total world reserves; Africa is 110 million tons, accounting for 6.6% of total world reserves; South America, 13.4 billion tons of proven oil reserves, the total world proven 7.7% reserves. World oil consumption areas and oil resources there is a serious imbalance in ownership, while oil resources has special strategic significance in national development, the global competition for oil and gas resources around has been very intense. Oil resource is the main factor

Project Initiation Document

Question: Write report on training plan for Sub Sea Adventures. Answer: Executive summary In this report, a training plan for Sub Sea Adventures (SSA) is prepared by using and implementing the principals of Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBoK). Training plan is required because earlier there were many errors discovered in the existing system which leads to difficulties. Therefore, now the current system is being replaced with the new electronic and automated system for the staff. So, the company is adopting an efficient system named as Scuba Booking System. Since SSA has its 3 stores located at Portsea, Queenscliff and Phillip Island, therefore, the system will be used by 40 employees across these three stores. Victoria University Information system had been appointed by SSA for preparing a training plan so that the staff members get trained on how to use the new automated system in an efficient manner. The plan proposed for the training should contain demo and hands on through on-job training via various training mediums. Question answer session should also be accommodated in plan so that doubts of participants get clear. The report covers the scope of project, deliverables of project, constraints of project, resources required, methodology that project uses, phases of training plan, budget of the project and project schedule. Introduction This report is the Project Initiation Document (PID) which has been created for all employees and consumer training executives of the newly updated SSA system. Project summary, resource allocation, estimation of budget and timetable are provided in this documentation. Firstly, the documentation starts with explaining the project scope in which goal and the reason to adopt new system is discussed. Then, the documentation is moved ahead to explain the project approach in which the methodology for the project i.e. PMBok is chosen and all the phases of SSA training plan are discussed. After that, how the resources get allocated is discussed and budget is estimated for the project. Project schedule is prepared for the project in the end of this report. Project scope The project is aimed at providing the training to end-users i.e. consumers and staffs are being trained so as to make use of the newly created SSA system smoothly. The main reason for this aim is to improve the base of consumers so that revenue of the company could increase. The existing system for the company has lots of errors, for e.g., sometimes, boats are booked many times, divers get missed at times, problem in tracking about the number of students in the class and many more. So, to overcome these errors, a new automated system will be implemented and replaced with the existing manual and paper based system. 40 employees spread across the three stores of SSA will be using this new system. But there might be many employees who might not have knowledge about the new system, so documentation and training about the system will be provided to them. Deliverables: Key deliverables of the project are described as follows: Training material for SSA. Plan of training for SSA. Instructions about on-job trainings. Minutes of Meeting. Benefits of new system are as follows: Bookings can be done easily, quickly and efficiently. Now, there will be no more duplicated bookings. Errors that were used to occur in current system will be removed. The current system is called to be a paper based and manual system, but now it has been replaced with a paperless and digitally automated system. Assumptions: The assumptions present in the project are as follows: There is less amount of skilled labour is present for initiating the project. SSA rules and regulations are not going to face sudden and critical changes. Confirmation about all components of projects is to be done in the scheduled time so that project could complete on time. Notice related to changes is to be given in advance. Constraints: Constraints (UCDAVIS, 2013) put on the project are as follows: Upper limit of the budget should not be exceeded more than 10% increment. If it happens, then extra capital for the budget is requested from the sponsors. Scheduled time for the completion of project should not be exceeded by extra 10 days. The limit should not exceed because changing in time may affect the economics condition and the government policies. Project approach The approach of the project is based on the type of methodology used by the project and the sequence of the activities of the project. Project Methodology for the project is as follows: Project methodology: A well-explained and efficient project approach would be followed by the project development. Methodology named as Project Management Body of Knowledge has been chosen for developing the project for SSA training. This methodology is considered as the base for project management. It contains the various project management practices such as law, medicine and accounting. These methodologies can be applied on various kinds of projects. Phases of SSA Training Project: The phases which are involved in the project for SSA training are as follows: Requirement Analysis: Requirement analysis is the very first phase in development of the software. In this stage, analyzation of requirements of training is done. Targeted audience is verified and goals of organizations are associated with the objectives of training. Requirement analysis is done to know what is required for development of project. Here, various training mediums are examined in the analysis phase. Requirement analysis will be completed in around 18 days. Design: In the design stage, forms for feedbacks, training plans and training materials are designed. Also, the rooms for trainings and participants are decided. This phase takes around 9 days to get completed. Implementation: This stage is the main phase where the actual execution starts. Training gets started in this stage. The participants are invited for the training in this stage up till on-job training. This stage also requires maximum of 9 days to get completed. Resources: Following key resources required: Resource Name Type Max. Units Std. Rate Project Manager Work 100% $185.00/hr Business Analyst Work 100% $125.00/hr Technical writer Work 100% $95.00/hr Trainer Work 100% $125.00/hr Table 1: Resource sheet Table 2: Resource cost overview Budget Top-down methodology has been chosen for doing the estimation of budgets. Top-down methodology is an approach where total budget is made and then the total budget is broken down into the various components. Time-phased methodology cannot be applied because in this project, specific action may occur for days or weeks. Every action has been allocated some resource and so expenses have been assigned to those particular resources. Budget allocation for every action has been done on the basis of last experience and taking resources from the internet. Some last experiences contain various contingencies which are not taken care of when the budget has to be allocated. Many risks are also associated with it. In order to manage the risks, there is a need of risk management planning. The risk management planning supports locating the actions that might transfer, mitigate, avoid or eliminate and there is a chance that extra expenses might be added. So, internet resources might not be enough to c alculate the budget. The level of contingency for this project is 10% i.e. the budget may increment up to 10% but not more than that. Project schedule The Gantt chart shown below, discusses about the individual activities, time-period, allocated resources, and their antecedents. The tasks which have been highlighted are the most important tasks because they affect a lot on the total duration of the project. Project start date: 16th June 2016 Project end date: 21st July 2016 Project duration: 26 days Conclusion: The report has been documented for preparing training plan for SSA. It has been prepared with the help of Project Management Body of Knowledge principles. The SSA appoints Victoria University Information system for preparing the proper training plan. SSA is planning to adopt a new electronic and automated system namely Scuba Booking System which overcomes the errors used to occur in the existing paper based and manual system. Therefore, the project scope, project approach, allocation of resources, project schedule, and budget has been covered. References: An Introduction to Project Management. (2004). 1st ed. [ebook] U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation. (UCDAVIS, 2013). Introduction to Project Management: Principles, Techniques and Tools. A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge. (2000). 1st ed.

Trade Complementarities between South Korea and Vietnam

Like many other countries around the globe, Vietnam has in recent years integrated with the global economic infrastructure on an increasing scale. Being a regional neighbor and a country that shares many similarities with Vietnam, including geography, culture, among other aspects, South Korea has become a strategic economic partner of Vietnam.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Trade Complementarities between South Korea and Vietnam specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The strategic economical capacity of South Korea to Vietnam has especially been helpful because of her ties with major global economies like the United States. In this sense, it is possible for Vietnam to Integrate with other economies through South Korea. Still, a range of parameters including South Koreas’ policies and interests, among others, have also encouraged the establishment of economic and trade relations between South Korea and Vietnam. These two countries (Vietnam and South Korea) therefore complement each other in many ways, even as they continually build increasing economic and trade relations. The complementarities between South Korea and Vietnam have helped these two countries to boost trade relations; which have grown significantly over the years. Complementarities between South Korea and Vietnam can be seen in the analysis of their history, their geographical location, policy interests among other areas. These complementarities have even been galvanized further by the entry of Vietnam into the ASEAN regional trading block and the WTO. Background Information Many economies in the Asian region have been continually soaring over the past years (Achsani 3). Countries like South Korea, China and Malaysia among others have drawn economic benefits, as their economies have adapted the concept of an open economy (Achsani 3). The so-called Asian tigers have therefore emerged from expanding economies that have been propelled by external investments and therefore, an increase in their capacities to export (Yul 81).Advertising Looking for research paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As South Korea and other Asian economies have been benefiting from foreign investments, communist policies in Vietnam, which have existed until the 90’s, and the embargo of western powers like the United States in the same period, have seen the Vietnamese economy lag (Yul 81). With the 1990’s policy reforms however, Vietnam embarked on a process of integrating with other world economies as its economy opened up to foreign investments (Yul 81). Policy changes that are favorable for economic growth and foreign investments have facilitated Vietnam’s economic integration with its regional neighbors and the global economy in general. A trend that has been growing over the years has been an integration of regio nal economies through trade agreements among other policies that have been precisely designed to bring benefits to economies bound by such agreements (Achsani 2). There has been the European Union, the ASEAN, and ECOWAS among others; which have encouraged regional economic integrations. Regional economies like the ASEAN have found a foothold to work their economies in a single direction, as their complements have become more apparent. Following policy changes in Vietnam towards an economy that is open and ready for foreign investments, South Korea and Vietnam have engaged in increasing trade and economic ties (Achsani 2). In one way, as an important ally of the United States, South Korea has acted as a foothold where western economies have been able to integrate with the Vietnamese economy through investments and trade agreements as well (Achsani 3). In the ASEAN region, Japan and South Korea are currently the most important direct investors in Vietnam (Achsani 3). South Korea and V ietnam can therefore be expected to even strengthen their trade and economic relations further, as they rediscover their relatively common history, and as their foreign policies become tailored to benefit each other in a host of ways. In an article in the East Asian Review Journal titled: Towards a Comprehensive Partnership: ASEAN-Korea Economic Cooperation, Kwon Yul analyses the complementarities that have encouraged and sustained economic cooperation between the Association of South East Nations (ASEAN) and South Korea.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Trade Complementarities between South Korea and Vietnam specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Complementarities between South Korea and the ASEAN have seen the establishment of trade agreements as well as investments between the two (Yul 2). ASEAN and South Korea have also been able to create a multidimensional kind of a relationship, which has focused on oth er areas, apart from economic relationships. For example, Summits that have been held between the ASEAN and South Korea have created a framework for dialogue (Yul 4). Closer economic relations between the ASEAN members has compelled Korea to start exploring ways of even strengthening the ASEAN-Korean relations further, as the east Asian region accelerates towards more and more integration (Yul 3). Complementarities in the structure of industries that operate in the ASEAN and South Korea, saw trade from the ASEAN region take 10.4% of South Korea’s trade volume in 2003, becoming its fifth largest trading market (Yul 3). In the same year, ASEAN become South Korea’s third biggest investment market (Yul 3). Trade and Investment between the ASEAN and Korea have always been on an onward trend over the years, except during the East Asian financial crisis period (Yul 2). After the end of the East Asian financial crisis, trade and Investments between ASEAN and South Korea have i ncreased significantly 9 (Yul 2). For example, trade between the ASEAN and South Korea has expanded from about US$24 billion in 1998 to about US$39 billion in 2003. As at 2003, Exports from Korea to the ASEAN stood at 38% totaling to about US$20.3 billion (Yul 2). One challenge that has hindered the growth of better trade relations between South Korea and the ASEAN countries has been a consistent trade surplus from South Korea to the ASEAN; which stood at about US$8 billion at the end of 1997 (Yul 4).Advertising Looking for research paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A positive development however has been a continual decrease in South Korea’s trade surplus following the East Asian financial crisis (Yul 4). Trade balance between ASEAN and South Korea is therefore approaching a state of equilibrium. Yul’s study has explored the form and pattern of trade between the ASEAN and South Korea, which has uncovered a complementarily between the two (the ASEAN and South Korea). This complementarily can for instance, be seen in the trading of electrical and machinery items (Yul 5). A trend that has been observed by Yul is an increase in the differentiation of labor, used in the manufacture, production and marketing of electrical and machinery items (Yul 5). An increase in the differentiation of labor between the ASEAN and South Korea as has been evident in the electrical and machinery industries and other industries as well has seen an increase in trading of items within similar industries; in intra-industry trading. Trading records from KOTI S show that in 2003, machinery and electrical appliances contributed to about 43% of total of exports from the ASEAN to South Korea and about 52 percent of imports from South Korea to the ASEAN (Yul 6). Consider KOTIS 2003 trading data with that of 1993, when South Korea’s machinery and electrical exports to the ASEAN contributed to about 41% of total exports while contributing to just 18% of the total volume of machinery and electrical exports from the ASEAN to South Korea (Yul 6). Differentiation of labor leading to an increase in intra-industry trading between South Korea and the ASEAN has also resulted from a direction towards value addition efforts in the ASEAN (Yul 7). During the 1980’s and early 1990’s for example, the major component of exports from the ASEAN to South Korea were mainly mineral exports (Forming about 40% in percentage) however, as of 2003, machineries and electrical appliances have become the major export items from the ASEAN to South Kor ea (Yul 7). Such a significant shift in trading underlies a change in the form and pattern of trade between the ASEAN and South Korea, implying a differentiation of labor between the two parties as intra-industrial trading between the two increases. Yul describes the Investment relationship between South Korea and the ASEAN as one whose history has extended over many years. The first overseas investment by South Korea in the ASEAN region was in 1968, when Korea established a company in Indonesia tasked with the development of forests (Yul 8). Full Direct Investments from South Korea to the ASEAN have significantly increased especially from the 1980’s onwards, as South Korean corporations have recognized the ASEAN’s abundant natural resources and cheap labor (Yul 8). Korean corporations have therefore established bases in the ASEAN that export quality products to developed nations. Initially, in the 1980’s, most of the South Korean corporations that invested in t he ASEAN focused on industries that required large scale labor, like footwear (Yul 8). However, with the emergence of China as a supplier of a large market and cheap labor in the early1990’s, many South Korean corporations preferred investing in China, decreasing South Korean FDI in the ASEAN as a result (Yul 8). The decrease in South Korean investments in the ASEAN reversed in the mid 90’s, when many corporations re-focused in the ASEAN especially in Vietnam and Indonesia (Yul 8). This reversal was mainly catalyzed by a diversification of market needs in the ASEAN (Yul 8). Korean firms were therefore encouraged to tailor their products to the diversified market needs in the ASEAN. As of 2003, full direct investments in the ASEAN from South Korea stood at about US$510 million in about two hundred cases. Currently, most South Korean Investors have focused on manufacturing (Yul 9). Full direct investments on manufacturing from South Korea to ASEAN comprise about 61% of a ll the Investments (Yul 9). Other areas of interest for South Korean companies have been in telecommunication, retail selling, real estate, mining, and also in the construction industry. South Korea and Vietnam have lately established close economic relations in trading and investment. Although Korean Investments in Vietnam did not start earlier than 1992, Vietnam has become the most preferred area for investment in the ASEAN by South Korean corporations (Yul 9). Investments in Vietnam by South Korea comprise about 22% of the value of all the investments in the ASEAN by South Korea (Yul 9). An important dimension where economic relations between South Korea and the ASEAN have focused includes cooperation in the exchange of industrial knowledge and technology (Yul 7). The sharing of industrial knowledge between South Korea and the ASEAN has positively resulted in an array of industries that have helped to galvanize cooperation between South Korea and the ASEAN. The Asian region is qu ickly positioning itself as the largest market in the world. South Korea has therefore been working to create a framework for mutual exploitation of this market, by sharing technology with the ASEAN (Yul 7). An important resource in the ASEAN that has been of enormous benefits to South Korea is energy (Yul 9). Currently, about 67% of all the energy that is consumed in South Korea is obtained from the ASEAN (Yul 9). Available energy resources in the ASEAN will therefore continue to present more opportunities for economic cooperation between the ASEAN and South Korea. Cultural and Geographical factors have also acted to promote the economic cooperation that exists between South Korea and the ASEAN. States in the ASEAN are easily accessible to South Korea. A broad range of cultural aspects that are practiced in the ASEAN exist in South Korea as well. The practice of Buddhism and other forms of lifestyle prevalent in the ASEAN are also predominant in South Korea (Yul 9). Cultural and ge ographical ties between the ASEAN and South Korea have facilitated efforts by South Korea to strategically cooperate with the ASEAN, with an aim of clipping economical gaps between the two. Having gone through an economical struggle experience that is currently predominant in the ASEAN, South Korea has been an important ally to the ASEAN that has shared its experience and lessons with the ASEAN (Yul 9). South Korea gives about 25 percent of its loans and grants to the ASEAN (Yul 9). Since 1987 to 2003, South Korea has given the ASEAN about US$700M loans and grants for development (Yul 9). Most of the money that has been given to the ASEAN by South Korea has focused on manpower development. For example, many trainees have been airlifted to South Korea from the ASEAN to acquire important skills on the experience of South Korea in development. In an article that was published in the European Journal of Social Science, Achsani presents an analysis of similarities among states in the ASE AN to understand the feasibility of a free market in the ASEAN. The ASEAN has been encouraged by the establishment of a free market in Europe through the European Union to try and achieve the same in the ASEAN region. On paper, it is possible for economic integration through a free market to succeed when there is broad uniformity in the concerned economies (Achsani 81). Such economies can even trade by the use one type of currency, as has happened in the European Union. For an economic integration under free market to succeed, Achsani has considered a number of factors that need to be satisfied. First, for the three most stable economies with the lowest rate of inflations, the value of their inflation mean should not be exceeded at any time by more than 1.5% from the other economies (Achsani 82). Besides, for the three most stable economies that have the lowest inflations, their interest rates should not exceed those of other economies by more than 2% (Achsani 82). Moreover, there s hould be an absence of any variations in the structure of the exchange rate from all the concerned economies for at least two years before a free market can exist (Achsani 83). Still, any budget deficits from all the economies that are keen to integrate should not exceed at least 3% the value of each of their gross domestic products (Achsani 83). It is also important that the total vale of debts in each of the economies that are keen to integrate do not surpass at least 60% of their gross domestic products (Achsani 84). For an effective analysis that can detect any instability in the ASEAN economies, Achsani has considered parameters before and after the ASEAN economic crisis. A few years before the 1997 economic crisis in East Asia, the ASEAN economies were the most expanding economies in the world (Achsani 90). This trend was halted however, following the East Asian economic crisis, and in 1998, the worst economic stagnation was witnessed in the ASEAN in the previous thirty years (Achsani 90). Efforts to integrate the ASEAN economies commenced in 1967, following the formation of the Association of South East Asian Nations (Achsani 93). The ASEAN was tasked with the roles of promoting economic growth, cultural ties and peace through unified efforts of members within the ASEAN (Achsani 93). The ASEAN agreement has already succeeded in greatly enhancing economic integration of economies within the ASEAN. In 1992, a framework of progression towards free trade called ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) was established (Achsani 94). The effects of AFTA in promoting trade among the ASEAN are Obvious. Three years after the inception of AFTA, the value of exports within ASEAN doubled to about US$80 billion by the end of 1995 (Achsani 94). Tourism within the ASEAN has greatly grown from the ever increasing number of tourists that travel often within the ASEAN (Achsani 95). Following the footsteps of the European Union, the ASEAN, in 2003, embarked on a journey towards the cr eation of the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) (Achsani 95). Complete and comprehensive integration within the ASEAN has been scheduled to have been achieved by the year 2020 (Achsani 95). The intention of the AEC is to form a successful and stable economic environment within the ASEAN, where goods, capital, services and other economic materials move freely as poverty within the ASEAN is eliminated to create a society within the ASEAN that is prosperous (Achsani 95). Efforts towards a single market in the ASEAN have been boosted following the willingness of China, South Korea and Japan to join the ASEAN (Achsani 96). The result of such a union would be a very big market comprising of over three billion people. To study key complementarities that are necessary for a free market in the ASEAN to exist, Achsani collected values of some parameters present in the ASEAN economies for analysis (Achsani 96). The parameters that were collected for analysis have already been described and includ e the rate of inflation, the stability of the exchange rate, the proportion of the GDP/budget deficit, the value of the interest rate and the proportion of GDP to national debt (Achsani 96). The values of these parameters were obtained from a number of sources including the United Nations, ministries of finance and the 2007 ASEAN statistical yearbook (Achsani 96). Once the necessary data had been obtained, it was entered to a computer model that employed the Maastricht treaty method to cluster data (Data clustering and analysis is a method whereby groups of data are arranged in sub-groups called clusters by employing a method of determining the disparity in collected data that will occasion grouping in a specific cluster) and then employing the bi-plot approach (a method whereby a number of data sets are approached towards a number of variables in several ways such that the attributes of the sets in relation to the variables can be understood) to distinguish observable characteristi cs before, during and after the East Asian economic crisis (Achsani 97). Following the collection and analysis of the values of parameters that are important in integrating and creating a free economy, Achsani made the following observations in the ASEAN. During the East Asian economic crisis, Brunei and Singapore grouped in a single sub-set (cluster) (Achsani 98). After the economic crisis, Singapore exited its cluster to group with Japan, South Korea, Thailand, Malaysia and China (Achsani 98). The same trend was observed in the case of Laos, which exited its single cluster to group with Vietnam, Indonesia, Philippines, Myanmar and Cambodia. Following the end of the Asian economic crisis, China, South Korea, Thailand, Singapore and Japan merged in a single cluster (Achsani 98). Among the few countries in the ASEAN that displayed stability by remaining in a single sub-set includes Brunei, Vietnam, Philippines and Indonesia (Achsani 98). In summary, an important conclusion that Achsa ni observed was the grouping of advancing economies in single cluster and the economies that are currently developing in another single cluster (Achsani 98). Issues on economical stability, exchange rate, debt burdens among others need therefore urgent address, before the ASEAN economies can successfully integrate and travel on a road towards a free market (Achsani 98). In a Deutsche Bank Research Journal, Trinh has explored the potential of Vietnam to move into economical success and rewrite the history of South Korea, Japan, among other economies in the ASEAN. Vietnam has been taking the right gear towards economical success following policy changes that have allowed and accommodated the concept of a free and competitive economy. These policy changes, tailored to precisely encourage foreign investments and acceptance by the international community, have seen the end to imposed sanctions like the U.S embargo; which ended in 1994 (Trinh). The development of the Vietnamese economy, h owever, has not matched the fast pace of other Asian economies like South Korea, and has therefore been quite disappointing in a way (Trinh). Things might shift for Vietnam, following the increasing level of awareness among Investors on Vietnam’s potential to present its large market and enormous economic resources to investors for exploitation (Trinh). Vietnam has natural resources like oil and gas and is also a top exporter of commodities like rice, coffee and pepper (Trinh). Indeed, many investors predict that the acceleration of the Vietnamese economy is likely to compete with economic growth figures that have been witnessed in China and India beyond the next two decades (Trinh). Increase in Investments is poised to help the Vietnamese economy accelerate. Since Vietnam has close relations with the United States as well as China, its economy is likely to benefit from these two economies through diverse avenues like full direct investments (Trinh). The 2001 agreement betwee n Vietnam and the U.S. has especially soared trading between the two countries, as the Vietnamese economy has continued to expand (Trinh). Moreover, Vietnam’s investors come from a range of countries of which South Korea and Japan are important investors (Trinh). Economic areas that have been of keen interest to invest in, include tourism, information technology, manufacturing, banking as well as in infrastructure (Trinh) The Vietnamese market for goods like machineries has significantly increased in the past years. Following resilient efforts to accelerate the industrialization of the Vietnamese economy, suppliers and manufacturers of manufactured products in developed economies have been investing in Vietnam (Trinh). The current proportion of Investments in 2010 as a segment of the Vietnamese GDP is 33% (Trinh). Investors from South Korea and other developed nations will therefore continue investing in Vietnam as the Vietnamese economy accelerates. In a sense, the political orientation and the culture of the Vietnamese society is similar to the present political style and culture in China (Trinh). In both cases, the government rules through a single party that implements policies that are tailored to achieve set goals like the economic empowerment of the mass (Trinh). Such a cultural and political arrangement, where democracy has been controlled, presents an orderly and stable political environment. Investors that have been establishing bases in China have therefore found Vietnam as a viable option where the same environment that is present in China can be accessed-affordable labor and politically stable. Investors from Countries like South Korea have therefore been building their bases in South Korea to exploit the range of benefits that have been presented by the Vietnamese economy. As has been seen, Vietnam is increasingly integrating with the global economy as its economy expands amid signs of an even better potential (Anbo). South Korea has incre asingly established strong economic ties with Vietnam, especially in the areas of investments and trade. An array of South Korean companies has been moving to Vietnam even as the value of traded items between South Korea and Vietnam has been increasing (Anbo). Increasing economical ties between South Korea and Vietnam have been primarily fueled by a host of complementarities between the two economies. The geography of South Korea and Vietnam has been favorable for trade. Oceanic routes between Vietnam and South Korea are lined with many towns, especially along the coastline of china, where multiple trading can occur, facilitating trading between the two nations. It also means that ship journeys between Vietnam and South Korea are safe, with access to many ports where they can take breaks and even trade (Yeats). Besides, there is no nation in the waterway trade route between South Korea and Vietnam whose interests conflict with the interests of the two nations. In a world where the p ower of nations can suddenly shift and where new interests can emerge, creating new conflicts and hostilities between nations, it is important to broaden and diversify trade markets as much as possible (Yeats). It is therefore economically secure for countries like South Korea as well as Vietnam to increase their volume of trade in the process of diversifying their markets. Diversification of geographical markets needs to be reviewed from a multidimensional view that considers economic implications as well (Yeats). For example, prevailing economic difficulties around a major economy can adversely affect economies that trade with regions around that area. As it has been examined in the Literature Review, Vietnam is becoming a viable option to China as a source of affordable labor. Since the Vietnamese economy is mostly structured like its Chinese counterpart, where a single party government governs the nation with a capacity of implementing policies easily and quickly, Vietnam is con sidered as a politically stable state (Binh). Investors from South Korea have therefore been motivated by these two important factors-political stability and low manpower costs. South Korea has grown steadily over the years to become one of the most important Vietnamese investors (Binh). Sectors requiring intensive manpower like footwear and clothing have especially attracted a range of investors in Vietnam. Many South Korean companies in the manufacturing industry have moved to exploit inexpensive labor that is available in Vietnam by manufacturing a range of components required to complete finished products overseas in Vietnam in order to lower production costs (Yul 4). As the Vietnamese economy has continued to expand, the Vietnamese market has been expanding as well, as a direct result of the increasing economic empowerment and diversification of needs in the Vietnamese market (Binh). South Korean companies have as a result endeavored to invest in products that have been tailore d to meet the expanding and diversifying market needs in Vietnam. The current inexpensive labor in Vietnam has therefore been coupled with political stability to form a major component that has complemented South Korean economical interests to invest and trade with Vietnam (Binh). In several ways, the Vietnamese have a corresponding culture and history to that of South Korea. In both countries, the United States intervened to prevent the two societies from adopting communism in the cold war years (Binh). Thousands of American troops fought in the Korean and Vietnamese wars. Although American efforts of preserving Vietnam from communist ideologies were not as successful as in South Korea, their experiences are similar in some ways. Both wars were based on two competing ideologies-communist and capitalism and many lives were lost in the process. Current societal cultures present in South Korea and Vietnam are similar in a host of ways. For example, in both societies, Buddhism is the p redominant religious practice (Manyin). The presence of a common history and culture, at least in some aspects, have helped South Korea and Vietnam to re-discover their relations, leading to the development of stronger economic, political and cultural ties between the two nations (Manyin). Following significant policy changes in Vietnam that have allowed for an establishment of a free and competitive economy, the U.S has moved to strengthen relations with Vietnam. In 2001, the BTA (Bilateral Trade Agreement) agreement, where the U.S agreed to lower tariffs charged on Vietnamese goods by about 40%, became active (Manyin). The BTA agreements are just one of the important developments that have corresponded with increasing ties between the U.S. and Vietnam. In particular, the BTA agreement alone was directly responsible for a 1% immediate expansion of the Vietnamese GDP, apart from allowing a host of corporations from the United States to invest in Vietnam (Manyin). As an important fri end of the United States, South Korea has always played by the American foreign policies in the Asian region. Friendly relations between the United States and Vietnam have therefore enabled South Korea to likewise improve relations and cooperation with Vietnam. In general, better relations between Vietnam and the United states are helping Vietnam to implement policies and measures like transparency among others that have been helping Vietnam to integrate with the international community (Yeats). Indeed, the BTA has acted as a prelude for Vietnam to join the World Trade Union (Anbo 116). Many American companies operating in South Korea have therefore used South Korea as a foothold to venture into the Vietnamese economy. In 2006, Vietnam began a process of integrating into the World Trade union (WTO) (Anbo 118). Following agreements with the US, integration of Vietnam into the WTO is almost as good as done (Yeats). Entry of Vietnam into the WTO has acted to even strengthen trading rel ations with South Korea in several ways (Manyin). In one way, economic relations between Vietnam and the United States will become more stable and predictable as well. Such a scenario has encouraged South Korea-an ally of the United States, to likewise strengthen economic ties with Vietnam, as the last shreds of the cold war are destroyed. Agreements like the BTA that have been existing between the United states and Vietnam in an environment of improving relations between the two economies have mainly been on a renewable contract basis (Manyin). By entering into the WTO body, Vietnam will be compelled to implement WTO measures like the removal of tariffs, hence, eliminating trade barriers with other countries including South Korea (Manyin). In another way, Vietnam will benefit from protection rules that are applicable within the WTO towards member states, creating a positive and predictable investment environment in Vietnam, an environment especially important for multinational comp anies including those from South Korea. Of particular interest is an expansion of the apparel market for Vietnamese clothing in the United States, which has been continuously expanding in recent years. South Korean companies with an interest in apparel production have therefore expanded their operations in Vietnam as a result (Anbo 118). Moreover, Intellectual rights for these companies and other South Korean companies, which have been poorly protected before, are poised to be protected better under the WTO agreement, enabling South Korean companies and other multinationals to invest in Vietnam with decreased concerns over the protection of their intellectual rights (Manyin). The ASEAN agreement has particularly played a significant role in improving the volume of trade and other economic cooperation between Vietnam and South Korea (Yul 2). The main aim of the ASEAN has been to enhance economic and social development within the ASEAN though efforts by each member country in the ASEA N (Achsani 84). Following the ASEAN agreement, South Korea took steps to invest in the ASEAN, expand trade and import technology to the ASEAN (Binh). As a member of the ASEAN, Vietnam has deducted multiple gains from South Korea as a result. In 2003, the ASEAN embarked on a journey of ultimately crating a free market within the ASEAN by forming the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) (Achsani 98). Apart from the original members of the ASEAN, Japan, China and South Korea have also been keen to integrate into the AEC (Achsani 98). The formation of the AEC has therefore enhanced trade relations between South Korea and the ASEAN including Vietnam, as South Korea has been moving to implement policies that have been tailored to ultimately create a free market in the ASEAN. Expanding trade and economic relations between South Korea and Vietnam are bringing a range of enormous benefits to both countries. By siphoning investments and trading with South Korea, the Vietnamese economy has significa ntly expanded and the scale of poverty in Vietnam has been mitigated (Nguyen). Key beneficiaries in trade include textile and footwear manufacturers, coffee producers among other investors that operate in the Vietnamese economy (Nguyen). Competition within the Vietnamese economy has increased significantly, as more investors from South Korea and other countries have been flooding into Vietnam (Nguyen). The Vietnamese economy and therefore the Vietnamese society have therefore gained in a host ways following increasing trade and economic relations with South Korea. South Korea has adopted a number of policies that have been helpful in promoting trade and economical ties with Vietnam. One factor that has catalyzed economic relations with the ASEAN including Vietnam has been the increasing trend where regional economies are increasingly integrating (Manyin). To avoid economic isolation in a region where economies are increasingly integrating for two way benefits, South Korea has been c ompelled to strengthen economic ties with the ASEAN in the areas of trade, investment as well as in technological cooperation. After all, integration of economies around an area with similar interests is a trend that has been increasing in pace around the globe. South Korea has also been keen to strengthen relations with the ASEAN in order to tackle the North Korean threat collectively with other economies in the ASEAN. Member states in the ASEAN can be a useful tool in providing a difficult environment for a hostile North Korea to operate (Anbo 143). In the same way, a union of cooperation among the ASEAN would strengthen economical and cultural ties within the ASEAN, mitigating potential intimidation from the ever increasing political and economical power of China (Anbo 144). Moreover, by investing in the ASEAN economies like Vietnam, South Korea not only avoids expanding the increasing Chinese economy, it also increases its economical capacity in a positive way by strengthening a n economy (Vietnam) that appears predictably friendly in the future. Conclusion Following policy changes including those that were tailored to precisely accommodate the free economy concept in Vietnam, the Vietnamese economy has progressively integrated with regional and global economies. In this direction of integrating with economies through increased trade and foreign investments, South Korea has seen a soaring economical relationship with Vietnam. As the shreds of the cold war have continuously dissolved, Increasing economic and political ties between Vietnam and the U.S. have enabled South Korea to adjust policy relations with Vietnam in a positive way. In the process of integrating with the global economy, Vietnam has entered gainful trading agreements particularly the ASEAN and the WTO. The ASEAN and the WTO trade agreements have helped in creating a favorable environment for South Korean companies to invest and operate in Vietnam, as trade barriers decrease and pending prese nt concerns like the protection of intellectual rights become addressed. Moreover, some developments that include the rising economical and political power of China as well as increasing hostilities from North Korea towards South Korea have acted to compel South Korea to develop friendly trading and economical policies towards Vietnam. Works Cited Achsani, Azam. â€Å"Similarity of Economic Structure among Asean+3 Economies: A Multivariate analysis based on Maastricht Treaty Criterion.†Ã‚  Ã‚  European Journal of Social Sciences 16.3 (2003): 81-98. Print Anbo, Oegyo. ASEAN-Korean Relations: Security, Trade and Community Building. Seoul: McMillan, 2006. Print Binh, Nhu. â€Å"Trade Liberalization and Foreign Direct Investments in Vietnam.†Ã‚  The Hanoi university of National Economics. Suffolk University, 12 April 2002. Web. Manyin, Mark, and Cooper J. William. â€Å"Vietnam PNTR Status and WTO Accession: Issues and Implications for the United States.† East Asian Economy. CRS press, 2 Aug. 2006. Web. Nguyen, Quang. â€Å"Vietnam gains Big from Free Trade.† The Vietnamese Ministry of  Culture and Information. Thanh Nien, 9 Oct. 2010. Web. Trinh, Amy. â€Å"Understanding Vietnam: A look Beyond the Facts and Figures.†Ã‚  Ã‚  Deutsche Bank Journal 44.2 (2007): 121-50 Yeats, Alexander. â€Å"Major Trend Trends in East Asia.† World Bank Policy Research. World Bank, 2 Jun. 2003. Web. Yul, Kwon. â€Å"Towards a Comprehensive partnership: ASEAN-Korea Cooperation.†Ã‚  The East Asian Review Journal 16(4), 2004: 2-9. Print This research paper on Trade Complementarities between South Korea and Vietnam was written and submitted by user Gemma Pacheco to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

History of Nursing Essays

History of Nursing Essays History of Nursing Essay History of Nursing Essay The history of nursing research begins with Florence Nightingale. In fact, it is nursing research that governs and determines the elements of the nursing practice in general. Great care, detail, and educational study comprises nursing research. When a nurse makes a medical decision, it is believed that he or she will make judgments that are supported by and characteristic of the current trends in nursing research. If a nurse does not act in harmony with nursing research, he or she may be held liable f medical neglect. Therefore, it is imperative that all who are in the nursing profession stay current with the latest developments In nursing education as well as research. There are two main areas of research that are applicable to the nursing profession. These include Quantitative and Qualitative Research. Quantitative research focuses on results in nursing that is measurably by the use of testing controlled trial settings, and visible statistics. Quantitative basically means that something may be measured, and when describing research, Quantitative refers to results that may be measured. Aquaculture Research focuses on the quality of the result or approach as experienced by the patient. Where you can understand Quantitative research as being the facts, or the what, where, and when of the facts used in research, Qualitative research refers to the who and whiff questions. For example, Who did this method work for, and why was he method or treatment effective? Medicine has evolved through a number of theories over the centuries, and the field of nursing is no different. Before a practice can be accepted as being effective medicine, It must be carefully researched, tested, and the results measured. This research begins with the use of the Scientific Method and culminates In case studies. Clinical trials, and using measurable standards to determine the results.

Definition and Examples of Root Words in English

Definition and Examples of Root Words in English In English grammar and morphology, a root is a  word or word element (in other words, a morpheme) from which other words grow, usually through the addition of prefixes and suffixes. Also called a root word. In  Greek and Latin Roots  (2008), T.  Rasinski et al.  define root as a semantic unit.  This simply means that a root is a word part that means something. It is a group of letters with meaning. Etymology From the Old English, rootExamples and Observations Latin is the most common source of English root words; Greek and Old English are the two other major sources.Some  root words are  whole words and others are word parts. Some root words have become free morphemes and can be used as separate words, but others cannot. For instance, cent comes from the Latin root word centum, meaning hundred. English treats the word as a root word that can be used independently and in combination with affixes, as in century, bicentennial  and centipede. The words cosmopolitan, cosmic and microcosm come from the Greek root word kosmos, meaning universe; cosmos is also an independent root word in English. (Gail Tompkins, Rod Campbell, David Green, and Carol Smith,  Literacy for the 21st Century: A Balanced Approach. Pearson Australia, 2015) Free Morphs and Bound Morphs Because a root tells us more about the meaning of a word than anything else, the first thing we ask about a complex word is often: What is its root? Often a complex word has more than one root, as in blackbird. . . .In our native and nativized vocabulary, roots can usually appear as independent words, for which reason they are called free morphs. This makes it particularly easy to find the roots of words like black-bird, re-fresh, and book-ish-ness. In Latin and Greek, roots most often do not occur as separate words: they are bound morphs, meaning they can only appear when tied to other components. For example, the root of concurrent is curr run. which is not an independent word in English or even in Latin.(Keith Denning, Brett Kessler, and William R. Leben. English Vocabulary Elements, 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 2007) Roots and Lexical Categories Complex words typically consist of a root morpheme and one or more affixes. The root constitutes the core of the word and carries the major component of its meaning. Roots typically belong to a lexical category, such as noun, verb, adjective, or preposition. . . . Unlike roots, affixes do not belong to a lexical category and are always bound morphemes. For example, the affix -er is a bound morpheme that combines with a verb such as teach, giving a noun with the meaning one who teaches.(William OGrady, et al., Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction, 4th ed. Bedford/St. Martins, 2001) Simple and Complex Words [M]orphologically simple words, which contain only a single root morpheme, may be compared to morphologically complex words which contain at least one free morpheme and any number of bound morphemes. Thus, a word like desire may be defined as a root morpheme constituting a single word. Desirable, by contrast, is complex, combining a root morpheme with the bound morpheme -able. More complex again is undesirability which comprises one root and three bound morphemes: undesireableity. Notice also how, in complex words of this sort, the spelling of the root may be altered to conform to the bound morphemes around it. Thus, desire becomes desir- while beauty will be transformed into beauti- in the formation of beautiful and of the increasingly complex beautician. (Paul Simpson, Language Through Literature: An Introduction. Routledge, 1997) Pronunciation: ROOT Also Known As: base, stem

Class log Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Class log - Essay Example uld involve making a decision against one or more employees without giving due consideration to their performing abilities and other morally legitimate qualifications and experiences. Secondly, the decision may originate solely on the basis of racial or sexual prejudice and other types of morally unjustifiable notions. Thirdly, the decisions could have harmful effects on employee morale and their interests which may include hiring for employment, promotion and work assignments of the employees. In addition to the above, the text also delves into wage differences among employees based on their race and gender. According to the book the comparison of the average incomes for men and women reveals that women earn much lesser compared to men. The various media reports published further substantiates this claim. This is considered to be one of the reasons for discrimination of women employees in the workplace. Such discriminations result in the violation of the person`s basic moral rights. Reading the content in the text, reminds me of a similar situation faced by my brother when he applied for a financial analyst position in a company in China. One of his female friends had also applied to the same position along with him. Their educational qualifications, work experiences and personal qualities were similar in many aspects. However, in the end my brother was appointed for the position and his friend was not considered as the company simply assumed that women were more likely to quit jobs after they get married or have children. Thus despite similar qualifications and experiences employers prefer to hire men in most cases. Such discrimination of women based on gender is morally unjust and such attributes is mostly based on stereotypes which consider women to be emotional and

CHILDREN BULLING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

CHILDREN BULLING - Essay Example Most of the times, especially in schools, cyber bullying is done with the intention of socially alienating the victim from the rest of the peers (Li, 372). Cyber bullying goes one step further and also involves the use and distribution of text messages and pictures of a sexual nature. The social media is often used to publicize such images and subsequently, request sexual favours (Varjas et al., 270). Cyber bullying has increased to such an extent that and become so menacing that formal laws were passed in various countries to put a stop to this activity. Cyber bullying not only makes life uncomfortable for the victims, but also causes psychological problems, especially for school kids, teenagers and even for adults at times. Numerous researches have been conducted to study cyber bullying and to understand how it affects individuals. As a result of these studies, it was found that cyber bullying victimization rates were 28.7% in November 2009 (Donegan, 35). The popularity of social media has led to the rise of websites like Facebook and Twitter. According to a 2010 study, the most commonly used technologies by teenagers are cell phones and internet. This shows that these two technologies are the primary mediums which are used for cyber bullying. The research analyzed in this paper is a study conducted by Mishna et al., published in 2010. The research studies the phenomenon of cyber bullying in 2186 middle and high schools. Following numerous researches conducted on this topic, this research was conducted to study how the students, especially the victims, react to cyber bullying, which technologies are most commonly used for cyber bullying and what psychological impact do events like these have on the victims and the witnesses. Even though the phenomenon of cyberbullying is relatively new, various researches are being conducted on this topic and laws are being passed making cyberbullying illegal. This goes to show

Deena Shakir Essay Example for Free

Deena Shakir Essay Richard Watts Jr. describes the striking similarity between the Salem witch trials and the McCarthy Era as a struggle between the rights of freeman and the mass efforts to destroy them under the guise of defending decency. All good writing conveys a strong message for the reader to take away, and effectively apply to his everyday life. In the novel The Crucible, author Arthur Miller uses 17th Puritan society, and the Salem witch trials as a vehicle to make a strong political statement about the nature of conformity in an overly hysterical society, and the fundamental struggle man faces to retain moral righteousness in the face of a cruel world. Written in the heart of the McCarthy Era, The Crucible makes sweeping statements about the nature of society during a crisis, and how people deal with the introduction of beliefs that differ from their traditional way of thought. Claiming the people of his society are just as intolerant as the Puritans, Miller desperately pleads with them to learn from their mistakes, and not persecute others based on the nature of their beliefs. Through the story of the Salem witch trials, Miller epitomizes the never-ending conflict between an individual and society as a continuous struggle to retain ones moral righteous, and not give in to illogical societal demands. Through the actions of the court officials, the girls, and the Christ figures, Miller effectively points out the manner in which society persecutes those who refuse to conform in their ways of thinking, and the nature of the challenging test individuals are forced to make in such a conflict. The society in Salem also demands conformity from the court system, a place where those who dare to be different are tried. At least on face, it appears that the court simply wants those people who challenge society to be brought to justice. However, during the Salem witch trials, the court officials, who ironically are the one group in society who are single-handedly responsible for administering justice fairly, act simply out of self-interest, striving only to appease the community, and gain fame. Relaying on nothing more than spectral evidence, Danforth and the other court officials condemn those who refuse to conform to societys beliefs. Under the guise of religious duty, Danforth strives solely to appease the community, and benefit his standing in society. He believes that a person is either with the court or he must be counted against it. When one does not conform to the norms of society and challenges it, he is condemned to die. For example, upon discovering that John Proctor does not come to church on Sundays, he automatically assumes that Proctor must be guilty, and must be hanged. He appears motivated solely by the desire to gain fame. For example, in the final act of the play right before the hanging, Reverend Hale tries to convince Danforth to postpone the hanging. Danforth knows that the village expects to see them die this morning and cannot postpone the event because postponement now speaks a floundering on my [Danforths] part. Danforths actions show that he not only acts out of self motivation and the desire to appease society, but also fails the to overcame his conflict with society. Reverend John Hale, on the other hand, also appointed to work with the court during the witch trials, makes his decisions based on his own morals instead of what society prefers. Hale, an expert on witch trials and a stranger in Salem finds it difficult to draw a clear opinion on them that come accused before court. Being a minister of the Lord, Hale judges others based on clear evidence and does not dare [to] take a life without proof. His morals prevent him from just simply doing what will appeal to society. Even though he desires to be allied with the best minds in Europe- kings, philosophers, scientists, and ecclesiasts of all churches, he, unlike Danforth and the court officials, refuses to let his personal ambition come in the way of administering justice fairly. He even rejects his religious doctrine in the name of justice, claiming that life life is Gods most precious gift; no principle, however glorious, may justify the taking of it. Unlike Danforth and his selfish motivation, Reverend Hale refuses to conform to what society dictates, clinging on to his own moral beliefs.

Nasa Essay -- Essays Papers

Nasa October 1, 1958, the official start of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), was the beginning of a rich history of unique scientific and technological achievements in human space flight, aeronautics, space science, and space applications. Formed as a result of the Sputnik crisis of confidence, NASA inherited the earlier National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), and other government organizations, and almost immediately began working on options for human space flight. NASA’s first high profile program was Project Mercury, an effort to learn if humans could survive in space, followed by Project Gemini, which built upon Mercury’s successes and used spacecraft built for two astronauts. NASA’s human space flight efforts then extended to the Moon with Project Apollo, culminating in 1969 when the Apollo 11 mission first put humans on the lunar surface. After the Skylab and Apollo-Soyuz Test Projects of the early and mid-1970s, NASA’ s human space flight efforts again resumed in 1981, with the Space Shuttle program that continues today to help build the International Space Station. Building on its NACA roots, NASA has continued to conduct many types of cutting-edge aeronautics research on aerodynamics, wind shear, and other important topics using wind tunnels, flight testing, and computer simulations. NASA’s highly successful X-15 program involved a rocket-powered airplane that flew above the atmosphere and then glided back to Earth unpowere...

Psychoanalytic Social Theory of Karen Horney

Karen Horney made innovative contributions to the domain of Psychology. Karen is best known of her theory describing effects on the individual’s personality from his or her culture in a society particularly the childhood experience. Although people can become neurotic at any stage in life, most neurosis begins in childhood experiences. Genuine love and healthy discipline is essential to build feelings of Safety and Satisfaction also the Love and Belonging that must be provided by the parents.If these needs were not given, the child develops basic hostility towards the parents and when repressed it will lead to basic anxiety wherein a child feels helplessness and isolation in a cruel world. According to Karen Basic Anxiety and Basic Hostility are combined in an endless circle, because it may start any of those two. Through that it will direct to Neurosis. Yes basic anxiety can lead to neurosis, but not necessarily. According to Karen Horney, there are normal defenses against an xiety; these are the Spontaneous Movement toward people, against people and away from people.In here, I think even how awful a child experience is they still engage to some activities that in a way they can express themselves and draw out their painful backgrounds to a delightful way. Besides we can view legendary people who brought success not just in a certain country but in the world despite from the traumatic experiences of his or her childhood. Aside from that there are also Neurotic defenses against anxiety, the Compulsive Movement toward people, against people, and away from people.For me, we can not really blame those people who had terrible experiences. It is on their way on how they are going to deal with it. Yes, encountering such is really hard to forget especially if it deals among parents. It is like, how are they going to trust other people well in fact from the very beginning their own parents neglect them. I agree to Karen Horney’s theory even though it has n o enough written documents but as we can see it is happening in the society.

Ceres Gardening Company Case Study Essay

1. How has the company grown? What is its basic strategy + how has it evolved? What have been the key factors in the company’s growth? The growth of the company has been fueled by the market demand growth in organic products. Ceres increased their revenues by over 75% in just five years, while growing profits by over 25% (based on Exhibits 2, 3 & 4). Ceres’s basic strategy started with its founder, Jonathan Wydown, to promote sustainable organic gardens and landscapes to environmentally conscious consumers. Mr. Wydown has been a proponent of soil preservation, biodiversity, and natural fertilizers and pest control. Mr. Wydown was confident that the same principles behind organic farming would eventually apply to home gardens and lawns. Mr. Wydown’ s vision evolved into the creation and development of a market niche of selected certified organic seeds and seedlings for vegetables, culinary herbs, and flowers – bringing the farm to the home per se. This market niche and products became the company’s differentiator and competitive edge. The key factors that drove the company’s growth are: * Market demand and segmentation – Ceres developed a market niche for organic-conscious consumers who are concerned about the environment. Although products are priced at a higher premium, the value from the company’s environmentally conscious go-to-market strategy and segmentation allowed Ceres to develop a loyal consumer community. * Product Offerings – Ceres expanded its products offerings to include open-pollinated, organically grown, and heirloom varieties of seeds and seedlings for vegetables, culinary herbs, and flowers. The company also added live plants, such as one-year-old trees. * Production Strategy – Ceres’ principal farm was located in central  California. As the demand for Ceres’ products increased, Ceres’s production capability was challenged. To keep up with the increased demand, Ceres developed a network of small, independent organic farms, offering them a commitment to purchase goods in exchange for an exclusive supplier relationship. These further strengthened Ceres’ production capability. * Distribution Channel – In the early years, Ceres operated primarily as a mail-order catalog company. This was their main distribution channel. The operation was ran well and valued for its quality, reliability, and hands-on customer service. Moreover, Ceres provided a free bimonthly company newsletter, which included gardening tips, introduced new products, and created a sense of community among the expanding customer base. This alternative marketing expanded Ceres’ channel from one time purchase to future incremental (post-sale) revenues. Eventually, Ceres expanded its channels to include retail channels, and direct sale through a sales force model. * GetCeresâ„ ¢ Program – enabled the average nursery or garden center to stock a sufficient inventory of Ceres’ products to meet the seasonal demands of the customer. If a retailer ran out of seasonal products, the customer would probably not return later, thus a potential loss of sale. Essentially the program meets the challenge of having the plenty of stock of the right product in the store at the right time based on consumer attitudes, behaviors, and preferences. The program also provided incentives to retail storeowners by offering deep discounts to carry inventory and extended payment plans. 2. Questions 3.1. How is Ceres’ financial health? Which specific items in the supplemental financial statements + which ratios might you calculate/research to help you assess its financial health? The financial health of Ceres is excellent and continues to show a positive trend from 2002 to 2006. (Please refer to Table 1) * Current Ratio shows Ceres’ ability to pay short-term obligations. The current ratio indicates that the company would be able to cover its liabilities in 2002 2 times over. * Quick Ratio measures Ceres’ ability to meet its short-term obligations with assets excluding inventory. The quick ratio indicates that Ceres would be able to cover liabilities 1.6 times over. * Debt Equity shows Ceres’ financial leverage and its aggressive posture in financing its growth with debt. The company could potentially generate more earnings than it would have without this outside financing. This indicates that even with Ceres’ expansion of distribution channels, extension of payment terms, and the creation of a direct sales force, Ceres was able to manage to stay below 1 with a mean average of .74. * Inventory Turnover shows an efficient turnover of inventory. Ceres does not hold inventory for long periods of time, which can incur additional costs by having assets sit without revenue generation. It shows Ceres’ ability to manage inventory in a seasonal cycle and further indicates their ability to forecast demands on product movement. * Accounts Receivable shows Ceres’ effectiveness in extending credit as well as collecting debts. The extended payment terms appear to be working. The prompt collection of debts enables Ceres’ to use the monies to reinvest into the business. 3.2. What should Ceres’ strategic plan be, given the trends in the organic gardening market? A move forward strategy is a renewed focus on market penetration and diversification of product portfolio. As the CMO, Annette O’Connell reported, â€Å"Growth in organic gardening products is strong, and the trends should support long term growth.† Market Penetration – capitalize on the movement from wholesale organic farming to weekend home gardeners and food service industries. While Ceres can continue to cement their market share in organic farming, the weekend gardener and food industry market are prime market niches. To reach these markets, Ceres has to diversify its product portfolio. Product Portfolio Diversification – Ceres’ has to consider diversifying its product portfolio from materials (i.e. seeds, samplings, 1-year-old fruit trees, etc.) to services and solutions to help organic farmers, food service industries, and weekend gardeners on the â€Å"how to’s† of organic gardening. You not only sell the seeds but also help the consumers manage the gardening process thus providing Ceres a â€Å"market differentiator† as a one-stop consumer experience. 3. How would you evaluate Ceres’ marketing efforts? Should the Ceres program be expanded? Why or why not? The GetCeresâ„ ¢ Program is a sound marketing plan but can be fraught with challenges if not managed effectively. The main purpose of the program is to address inventory and â€Å"enable the average nursery or garden center to stock a sufficient inventory of Cere’s organic products† by having the right products in the stores at the right time. Bottom line – help Ceres increase sales by helping business partners manage their inventory. With that said, stores and business partners are not willing to carry inventories on their books if they are not able to churn it appropriately. To alleviate angst and potential cost exposure, Ceres extended their payment terms from 75 to 90 days to 120 days and a 15% discount the storeowner or business partner agrees to hold a minimum stock inventory. To help protect Ceres’ average gross margins, it successfully raised prices slightly on most of its products. 4. Questions 5.3. In your opinion, did Ceres hire the right CMO? What role did that play in its financial situation? In our opinion, Ceres hired the right CMO. Through the CMO leadership, distribution channels were expanded from mail order catalog to an expanded network of storeowners and retail merchants. The CMO further increased their market reach by developing a direct sales force and the appropriately compensation plan. Inventory was managed efficiently through the introduction of the GetCeresâ„ ¢ Program. Overall, the company’s debt equity, inventory turnover, and accounts receivable ratios showed a positive trend and continue to forecast a better future. 5.4. Why is it important to ensure that you hire someone who is the â€Å"best fit† – for a position? It is important to hire someone who is a best fit because of the notion of a â€Å"shared vision† and â€Å"common values.† A strategy remains to be a strategy without the proper tactical execution. Both Wydown and O’Connell agreed,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The best way for Ceres to build its competitive position would be to push even more aggressively† to increase profits and lower margins by expanding distribution channels and market footprint. O’Connell had a background in retail and consumer packaged goods. This was the â€Å"best fit† for Ceres’s CEO, Jonathan Wydown whose strategy for growth was to move from a mail order catalog model to building a retail presence. Wydown and O’Connell believed that Ceres’ reputation for quality and customer service would give the company an advantage over the competition. 5. If you were CEO Jonathan Wydown, what would you plan to say during your upcoming meeting with the bank – regarding Ceres’ growth prospects + cash flow projections for 2007 and the near future? During the upcoming meeting with the bank, the focus should be given on the debt equity, inventory turnover, and accounts receivable ratios and how well the company has managed its operations over a sustained period (i.e. 2002 to 2006). From the Balance Sheet provided, it is evident that operational, financing, and investment cash flow is positive. The market-projected growth is 8% to 10% per year. Ceres has kept pace with the overall industry, but Ceres has to review its financing model to sustain their own growth in the market they chose to compete in order to continue having a competitive edge. As such, the bank discussion should center on the increase of revolving credit and capitalization of investments to continue to fund the retail distribution model.

MLK Jr. Analysis Paper essays

MLK Jr. Analysis Paper essays Not often does a revolutionary such as Martin Luther King Jr. come along, and whenever one such person does, the earth trembles as their shockwaves of change are felt. Kings pressure of reform for equality during the civil rights movements of the 1960s was felt as a predominant force in those times. Until his untimely assassination in 1968, Kings main tool in conveying his powerful messages to the masses was through his speeches. His diction and rhetoric was stirring and carried much weight when it was used in conjunction with his many biblical references and language. In his perhaps most famous speech, I Have a Dream, Kings opening lines that echo and emulate their originator, President Lincoln, a revolutionary icon and legend in his own time, are the same opening words of conceivably Americas other most recognized lecture; the Gettysburg Address. Kings mannerisms regarding his public speaking are well-placed literary devices and a rhetoric consisting of recurring and accentuated t hemes. In the I Have a Dream speech, King uses a style of repetition, immersion and demolishing of racial barriers, and an imperative tone. The tone of his speech carries a sense of urgency and imperativeness that can be felt through the obvious and the subliminal. King writes with a style that can be perceived on many echelons of literary meaning. This is obvious in Kings fourth paragraph; there is an unspoken sense of pressure to the reader, but to reinforce that delicate oratory skill, he implements the repetition of the word now. We have also come to this hallowed spot to remind America of the fierce urgency of now. This is no time to engage in the luxury of cooling off or to take the tranquilizing drug of gradualism. Now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial justice. Now is the time to open the doors of opportunity to all of God's children....

The New, Delightful Use of Because

The New, Delightful Use of Because The New, Delightful Use of Because The New, Delightful Use of Because By Maeve Maddox The headline over a recent article (Nov. 19, 2013) by Megan Garber in The Atlantic announces, â€Å"English Has a New Preposition.† The subhead expresses implied approval: Linguists are recognizing the delightful evolution of the word â€Å"because.† Linguists may be recognizing the jocular elliptical use of because as a â€Å"delightful evolution,† but I have my suspicions that grammarians are less than enthusiastic. The word because is used to introduce reasons. As a subordinating conjunction, its job is to join a subordinate adverbial clause to a main clause: Mr. Wilson will not be at the awards ceremony because he has broken his leg. Because the weather is frightful, the annual homecoming parade has been cancelled. The phrase â€Å"because of† introduces a noun phrase or a gerund: Because of the lateness of the hour, we decided not to stop for coffee. Because of running late, we skipped our usual stop at the coffee shop. A previously existing elliptical use of because is often heard in conversation, as in this example from the OED entry: Why didnt you leave the bottle?’ ‘Because!’ I said shortly. I wasnt going to explain my feelings on the matter. Linguists have dubbed the â€Å"new† use of because the â€Å"because noun† or the because+noun.† The most popular speculation about its origin is that it began as a recurring joke on Saturday Night Live. Neal Whitman gives this example from SNL in an article called ‘Because as a Preposition†: If you ever fall off the Sears Tower, just go real limp, because maybe you’ll look like a dummy and people will try to catch you because, hey, free dummy. SNL fans adopted the joke with such variations as â€Å"If life gives you lemons, keep them, because, hey, free lemons.† Whitman explains the evolution from the â€Å"hey† construction to the â€Å"because noun† construction: Before the â€Å"hey,† we have a regular English sentence. After the â€Å"hey,† we have an extremely condensed and abbreviated thought, represented by just a noun phrase. The humor in the â€Å"free dummy† and â€Å"free lemons† sentences comes from the speaker’s assumption that all he or she needs to say is â€Å"free dummy† or â€Å"free lemons,† and naturally you, the listener can fill in all the rest. A free dummy? Heck, yeah, who wouldn’t want a free dummy? Doesn’t everybody want one?   He points out that in the 2000s, the â€Å"because-hey† construction became popular in Internet memes. Eventually the hey dropped out, leaving only the because. I think that long before the internet intruded into our lives, the â€Å"preposition+noun† construction could be overheard in millions of homes: Child: Can I stay up a little longer? Mother: No. Child: Why? Mother: Because. Child: Because why? Mother: Because, Bedtime! Whatever its origin, the â€Å"because+noun† is in wide use in the speech of young speakers. It certainly suits the spirit of the times, with its laconic, sarcastic, and irreverent tone. And, in these grammar-challenged times, it’s extremely useful, relieving one of the labor of completing a thought. The because+noun may become a feature of the language, but for the present, it is a nonstandard elliptical construction that doesn’t belong in formal writing. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Creative Writing 101Is There a Reason â€Å"the Reason Why† Is Considered Wrong?Using "May" in a Question

Accounting Systems Design & Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Accounting Systems Design & Development - Essay Example Therefore, in an organization a steering committee plays the role of a decision maker (Shelly and Vermaat, 2010, p. 420). In the context of a system development project, the roles of the steering committee are as follows: The steering committee takes the responsibility for the feasibility of the project, developing the business plan. It ensures the scope of the project aligns with the need of the customers or the stakeholder groups. The steering committee also assists in the process of evaluation of project risks and the approaches of project risk management. The committee also provides guidance to those involved directly in the project. The guidance is offered mainly in the field of business issues related to the success of the project. (b) Discuss one advantage and one disadvantage of phased-in and direct switch-over implementation strategies. Solution: Phased-in implementation can be defined as a process of changeover from a preexisting system to a new one. The phased-in strategy has to move across a number of stages in order actually implement it. Advantages: Through the phased-in implementation process, it is possible to develop an overall implementation plan and further test it in small scale employing the production data. Apart from that, it also ensures establishing tractable and reasonable measures of success. Furthermore, it institutionalizes the process as it takes place. The changes in the process of implementation can be easily incorporated in the strategy through the process of familiarization. Also, the team members become the actual functional owners. The changes in this process are gradual and, therefore, easy to get accustomed to. Disadvantages: The biggest disadvantage of phased-in implementation strategy is that the process of implementation is very much time-consuming. Also, the implementation strategy is comparatively slower than the direct implementation strategy. The implementation process differs on a project-to-project basis. The impac ts of the implementation are not visible readily and have to wait till the results appear. In this implementation strategy, it is very difficult to maintain the momentum of the team members until and unless a situation of urgency is reached. Direct Switch over Implementation Strategy The direct switch over implementation strategy is about the direct switchover from the old system to the new system (ISRD group, 2006, p. 315). Some of the advantages and disadvantages are illustrated below: Advantages: The process of implementation is extremely fast as compared to the other forms of implementation strategies. Sometimes, the implementation process is completed within a week or is implemented overnight. Disadvantages: Sometimes, huge delays may occur due to absence of any scope of reverting. The system becomes unfamiliar to the user. It does not provide any option by which the old and new systems can be compared. 2. Using the Table provided, classify the following control activities as g eneral or application and explain your reasoning, (a) Employees have a password to gain access to the system. (b) When sales are entered the system retrieves customer details based on the customer number. (c) A check is performed to identify if all cheques can be accounted for. (d) Systems development is subject to signoff by the CIO before it can take place. (e) Virus definitions are updated daily. (f) The Sales Manager must approve all discounts